Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament

cordinir to the ethical principle, Gen. iv. 7) to 1 his head

., Ilirz,:u and E. to alter it to "&p, since n as connected ooe with I hemselves, and always ooi the in body <»f the from I; the of < - *ted against him by iiw fresh n that all die linei I in I,

2 1 / go to return no as mod. § L27j 5) of that which would should have happ. if God had not permitted him to be born alive: I should have < p. I ought to have the time of birth (comp. ch. iii. 13, where the prat, more objective! sed what would then have happened). These modi condit. are continued in ver. 11):

3], and 2 is used aj a conjunction as little a*!* on IV

3i ill forth. in the Old Test >ut a i in the lai

II f is ao ei passed by the aha is a ch

That which is th' died I jree of be midnight of tl. rid; "not light, but

In this speech (ch. ix. x.) dub for the first time assents to the principle on which the attack of the friends is founded.

observation, an 1!».: lad by railing to his aid the wisdom of sess of the future li: alth in tl. ( >M:it times the 1 lit lur. ible to him, with' i on that account I:!ie conscious the be speechless before His terrible i ould fearlessly ai' know v noogh how se utterances of his feel-

( inn in at it as he tlii li.it ll liim. all as a NN«»nn crushed beneath bra Ti Iwork of J i in the him, glimm the spc- The unworthy thoi: ( I. which Brentiufl cal tfa that.1 cha!ng hi:iv? although lie fancies Him in en: ite of the imagined enmity of

1 against hi. J oes so far as ines t Him in pi Hil s«>ul I Wlh rov.

if it is to 1 the E mitish nifies tlu' vi-11'. and the ice w: Qtness I oning of his speech.1 [e calls the sense of b< ing huml: to be ana? up- pliant: to 1 ird = to rec«). He calls Job

. iv. 10), J IS not in the right, whom one must not allow to have the last word. The question-, ylT. 2, are followed by another which is not denoted by the sign of a question, but is only known by the accent: Shall not thy E^r. meaningless speeches (from TQ = Xt22, ftaTroXoyelv), 1 T 7/7. Abulfeda's Historic antei<Iamica ed. Fleischer, p. 168.

thou most then that God hai dealt * liently ad then the lvL 10] nature thai underlies * Inch is rail ad, without which tl. ad middl

I out j an 1 of God is unat- ilivii: lorn 1 1. and amplifies what its transcendent reality. J" iteness is

:ribed by four dimenai like the absoluteness of the

Inch deriaed the plan for man's redemption (Eph. iii.

people wl il nothingness i the root rwiM itli which which 3U3 ITS ' •: an empty i: hai:. niK't I the man I tad;

D Botl b<:: the former rather signifi s empty, and the that mb fills up the holl 1 I iring partly and ruugbeei mature) be boni again at a mar I •eeome gentle and

- ainot re: » the oommoner word fur " ba na and riUagtn, a::; on the otner aan<l naad among those wo « moattncBpo the a::: ' is mora I the Hebrew meaning.

phrase -^ -~ T. nor. but to din

'.niilarly conditional parent J clause, which r hope u the brtalJ c soul lias been surmounted will than tract* in the ro«. like \ fMtorad to theeii'T with \fumich on the uZC ai tii. wxi.

>re tl. hull become like in

; as a it Blliat haw "*~.

laed with ur wit! i in hj | out special me or (so thai as a d anine form) a feminine termination, as is it in ch. xx:he ah is com- fulfill* ring up the ghost it whither all I nt in the eroi ised, s thia the ] godlin. nd all his tl the the anar peterfnl an pUned, b become a chaotic eon- in I tkes nse of a i * enough in iUelf, but its ■ roce*

Ifl possession of I ystery, t

• s a heart that seethes lik il in finer s < i of tl wness, c lit an I irt so sorely tr a dogma of the friends then, a- "ine cla r him phaxs s mainta hat consequently become unjust,

BOUNDl and chanp 1 into a falsehood For thai God does licre as the II.

Just One i justlj frith hii ma • seek I nge h lute j

J ing*. Should ti. rid be all with liim. The 1 it in

I while Eli] has I lildad with d the divine ju t, Zopl ir Im - little Job f. Then he would confess his folly, and b< e thai I I not only not punish him unjustly, but even allows much of lilt to go unpui Job il therefore to turn penitently to God, and to put away that evil which is the cause of his suffering, in order that he may be heard. Then looe oo Jobt Jol ^If as a ri acoorda th tin nd this is j i in tL -: to light in matlj in need of it; but it iving pride which lea! / it to Ima it himself.

hia friend as a divine n He explain u the die retributive justi. 1 1 he injur thread which J ild Jol i hia Buff< divine bution, he could then no Ion I not i individuals, but the people = race of men (E>, as I>a. xl. 7, xlii. 5), so that all human un Hiding is confined to you, and there ia none other to be found; and when ono y u die, it will seem to have died out. The LXX. correctly renders: /jlj) v/iels eVre avOpcoiroc ^iovol (according to the reading of the Cod, Alex.); he also lias a heart like them, he is therefore not empty, rz:, ch. xi. \2. Heart is, like ch. xxxiv. 10, comp. 22^3, ch. xi. 12, equivalent to vovs, cidvoia; Ewald's translation, u I also have a head even as are in all reap* iisguise what they should be,

""■ '-\ tacil usage of the Ian. which mind the:"•;:, timei pilgrimage obioq t<> the books of J j and

Prorerl i rhich mpared by tl.

fall, then generally calamity,

re au: r with which Pa, com] the reference to ro) for those who stombl tainly awaits such, it is ready and waiting for them, i*—:. tTOf/xo9, like Ex. xxxiv. 2.

: Qudacter provocant Dna*. ' [Cot itofcM reign Theological ii. 1 sq.: he will the humble himself in j him than to f fk Hf mn an.ful < who a: little able of til lly as the ] rit y

•u know I also ki; Bil lad h i the absolnl of the divine rule <>

•n. In form, this Strop the couir f ch. viii.

8-10 in the speech of Bildad, and somewhat also of ch. xi.

LDaoeods honuu lowledgr. sermon rvatetl thinp; they I the i neighbourhood • name of a * do • ground, or ooo rooted move about on the gi coi. pr thii recor I reation. All these creatures, I

I • • tame manner in 1: the In the are the i ill In things, an the learner. *dge forces il

God, JEHOVAH, r once escapes the poel

Job now i sayings erf th e autl

A. With Him is icisdom and strength;

unsel and understanding are!!'•-.

accepted wiftbraxc h "~ is *raw admqwatioms, as therefore < immadmodmn; it most na'. long life U a school • e antithesis in vcr —die highest poeeeeeor of wisdom, as 1 serfs tiro *• on are r the str* we see as top at c sake of emphasis, prgssions implies: ~:~ ison of the nature,;.

I i. the of writing " in the S rbe primary notion of he thick, firm, solid, as the er (mm a bed e time fundaments] Lotions ere

-ceented in the expression of morel qualities (in djalinftiftn from i of their power. H<- 1 » li then h naked iir takes aw...;ea as fo power, but the prestige of their jcs ot ince respecting God's para

in tlic world in Isa. xl. 23, xliv. Isaiah's ora too natural to translate wr. 18 3 the bands requires i rest that is intimately i with the c tself, if "^CO could only be 11 th-

TOta loes not once occur in th< n tin- with the usage of the language, so point nation of punishment, from "ID*, castigare), is an equally suitable sense, and is probably connects! by the poet with P5| (a word very familiar to him, ch. xxx. 11, xxxix. 5, xli. 6) on account of its relation both in sound and sense to D^pto 'comp. Ps. cv. 22;. The English translation is correct: He passu B second part of ba u and then Jest reuse nritor*

Hi miiketh them t ' • jer til unken

■nti ami the deeda of the aril in <!

in Mi Irash I. and Bind COtreCtly inter: t n])V..1

connected with p, as HTiDri Gen. i \ both dfy to y for the lengthened form, which, iing to form occurs with a long TOWel arc I'r v. ixiii. 27 and this passar v elsewhere, is the mass li 4 con

-.cetion, the country, although •- s- ■ irth or mankii m* a try as a por n acot be echoed in many poit>

I ac of 1 ii made to excel the absol i le is not leas cognizan* mencemem of this spec that he is

MB in the knowled I divine things, and then-fore ha ran DOW repeat as pr iin- definite sense of hae awta \h) it i the Aramaii y car has of the:i ension accompanying; n. II km ed and glorious majesty of God, ac- quired part! n obsen and partly of others. He also knows equal to ( know! has a knowledge WT as tl.

eai to the Abmgl And I lomg to reason Qod*

}' u\fi of no value are ye all.

A -r!:en to the answers <!ij>s!

He will no longer dispute with the friends; the more tl oppose him, the more earnestly he desire- t be able to argue his cause before God. dj*K | 3) is disjunctive, like d\Xd, and introduces a new range of thoughts; LXX. ov y^v $e aXKa, verum enim vero. True, he has said in ch. ix. that no one can maintain his cause before God; but his confidence in God grows in proportion as his distrust of the friends in-

^c faW. n out to be a tinner tigular art i thoee wbo try to heal what ia incurable, therefore charlatan*, — a atrange idea, which haa fkiwrm,; able to heft).' ' with the dunt | 'us = or lift it op, they are partial in II twi pftttrr. i be m that they abo » 1 I iod and truth cai be* ai

..\ ith tli says whml their -':" denotes a * fcsor proofs -*-' niWj I IL 21;

vpwfjui-.:. - e ran which ti g soon 1, through and falling in.

ject:: *z;- (lumps of clay), one of the best among his mosome conjectures.

ni'l indeed a tMtr the posi take my soul in my I \\y ami brtTel; ose rivillius, digs. the 01 L 8 also belongs to these jwiwh^i n In this last passage! oses a trans \ * master, so I kmow her not, o!.*-s* not like to ma then he shall cause her to be re

:i»ls tli' issages in vfa Ues Sp doubtf | are therefore intentionally Otnitte 1, an 1 in the third it bl belong here, for in this passage the E — T::.]

id serve Var, an 1 in fa\

• matter ii - Tfl, as the present passage may be « I e Gemara, lerstood as.in be so i. the are in favour lie authoress of the immortal I « metne Zwt*r [the Knf

1 should slay me, yet will 1 ith have adopted the we may mention a<. Die last rooreroen e wasted era of Grace Aguilar was to spell the word*. 1 i

Is, so understood, have an historic h ww. will not l.ven the apostles do not

.n the led they are in accordant sacred regnai ression to a re in t; * urea. Tl iu it ii with tl

'tntinmtn m Brmmdtmburg aus den Hamm Hokcmmlkrn (W.

1 in some intra.* 1 iclul is also elsewhere a familiu with him, <-h.

the worst, fa for I lim to a b

~* r -trict i\. at frequently %-s native, whi the same thinj t and will not k d the inward testimony of his innocence, he is prepared I ■ Him an account ( I ways in which he has walked (j.e. the way of in a contet* is already as good a* ites a nocence at * naet, ai

«y dtelaraiion echo in your e»;

accomt himself tak« ind a irna^i bandy-legged): kkanit, which it good and true (one who is orthodox), and in this sense it k a surname of wham, and one inclining BeidhSwi c plains it by m6U, one s self to; the synonym, bat used only i a good sense, is w - md willii as one com] in outward aj «, but in reality or ( a, this sj connt which certainly did ming not different to W %-. vUL ch. iii. 13, viii. 0. In i 19 that is granted as possible which, according to the declaration of his conscience, Job must consider as absolutely impos-

T inp* t.tire of being able

■ge i cannot be undrntood an ol the rotl I.1 preaiu that hand wot; the

1 1 >ays what he would ask Uod;

God desires. His imagination take a new turn; it goes on furtli

* many art' f ihs tnr to hum my transgression an ' investigating 1..-•. 1;htv thru pleasure in tfa by sirkness and pai as dried-up verthelesa < • r him. He would gel rid i trace

1 Comp. tl.elopment of the idea of the synonyn..n in v

>chri/t' i. 4*3 ff., at the commencement of the fourth u decree ausest me to points tcho moulders away as w< rm- eaten, lie ha tins of his mature year* that wo

: the fart tha n tin ocas of wh soon after ti m mission, and decrees f temptation throng rig-kindness obsr II be like a prisoner who* are tninal are fastened, a n he mores ordinary use of the Thou mafceat a law or boundary.. Ililm, udf furrowa (or also: Butt) round the soles of i icy cannot move beyot ar- omstantial clause begins 1 >u t fastenest in as a * >bsjerve the fine rythmical restraint which i iffering imposes on him, himself as a tinner mi '< rgoing satisfy him suadin^ himself to thi> lucl t im.

impure during her lying-in, tl im a* • he derives w1 from SvB in thf >l ition not found in the Bib] \ peril to perch). At the same time, the signification which certainly cam. combined with pracidere, but i.

be With fricare (ci *), is not unnatural; it is more appropriate to a flower (comp. P*,2:, Isa. xl. 7); it accords with the parallelism Ps. xxxvii. 2, and must be considered

.ically possible in comparison with XTIJj?E~P. But

I not supported by any dialect, l >ne of the old tr.ms- is to be rsoiially rather than iocs not favour it; and none of the passage* in W occurs demand it: Km it bo that it belonged illy a lependei the dialects, to f par be connected). Aa a flower, which hn pened aled to i*L> adds aa eoha a open (not.11 eyes, the rvadi: noted by the Masora, it is DCTcn, because lea is rendered determinate by the a pure one could com* fro-

1 lis daus then or* determined*

'•ii, and let I til he ahull aecomj use a New Testament <xpraeaion) thai

• Like the I dges an sin: bat thi.ess to sir. him no

■ no unmerciful a xi* as his see: him to be, 1 - to him that man ma mil * from trmnn with an an< may at least as a hireling enjoy his ds Thus WT is interpreted by ail modern exj 9, and of them consi lisj tho mci 1! iesires that God w. ve rest of the hi toil in ioitow and eat id in I ■.•■•' moor i * departed friend, whoeo Commentary am.

a obtenrationt man i f eating a delicate appreciation of the rpose and thought, we hare quoted his own wortk.

ivrf, and therefore translate dome pereoloai {per solvent),

W until be accomplish," and in tli** I

Dy of man in death; and the gh whi kes this sad ill sadder than it o thorn rhe f ate of the f • so h< ker fioay^os) do not c This is a f h is in operation in die history of Israel: the terebinth and oak there symboliie brad: the stamp (rzv*:) is the remnant that survives the judgment, and this remnant becomes th from which a: led Israel springs up after the old

.'•st roved. Carey is certainly not WftMlg when he remarks that Job thinks specially of the palm (the date), which is propagated by such suckers; Shaw's expression corresponds as if fresh; itc*f>t ore at gi\ it-rever date-trees grew there mutt

How much leu fav. lofl of He dies,

(Cvn, in the neut ndered in the I.: /urn bj ~-~s " 'illumes the de* n of the cheerl death: lie who has thus oi illen togeth< ne without leaving a e and ure of running water, or i

• nses -"~\ which signifies the drying in, and then i "-".

which is tl: drvir which follows upon the drying in I W thus Bgnratively

?H), eaOai ~'V:. ind indeed not for over; for what does not happen until the 1 no more (comp. Ps.

lxxii. 7, till the moon is no more), D ns; beca called the heavens and the stars with their laws into

xxxi. 8fi sq.), the days of heaven are eternal (Ps. lxxxix. 30).

This is not opposed to declarations like Ps. cii. 27, for the rkfs hist 'cording to the teaching of Scripture, closes with a change in all these, but not their annihilation. What

Es affirmed in vers. 10-126 of mankind in general, is, by r sees again. Oh tint it m *isel II

:' the retain b [>aasag< in

Hades, i: bicfa the wi now precipi-

:il the wrath ><i turn an - him andec all ■ all the i nf inv il i I trail until my change cam R3& the name In- ilsoms i ful of the hii ad whi the night of 1 1 I mtinued in it no comparing 1 i. ii. IS and ('ant iL 11, explain it; hut

AN hat a 1 I futuj if it should come to ps

Then would I I call to him in the depth i I S iedl, and Ik-, imprii until the appointed time of n raid ans?

Him from the deep. After His anger was spent, G ink]

ITU after the work of His hands (comp. ch. x. the natural loving relation: en the ( and His creature would again prevail, and it would Income manifest that wrath is only a waning power (Isa. liv. 8), and love His true and essential attribute. Schlottman well observes: k> Job must have had a keen perception of the profound relation between the creature and his Maker in the past, to be able to give utterance to such an imaginative expectation respecting the future."

In ver. 1G, Job supports what is cheering in this prospect,

• the tense ins - >ans to keep anger, ai

Halm maintains that they do not describe destruction, hut change, ami that con-,tly the relation of TOT. 19c to

"hat precedes is not similarity, but contrast: stones are not so bard, that they are not at length hollowed out, and the firm land is ik m firm that it cannot be carried away by the flood; but man-s prospect is for ever a hopeless one, and only tor him is there no prospect of his lot ever being changed. Thai I thought formerly it should be explained: considering the, ver. l'.V, as indicative not of comparison, but of

\aia)Ot')(TtTiii, Sclilottm.: \ iee old and crumbles aw although in ailini both as to language ami

ib. to tear off, sweep away, Targ. to thrust away (= cjm), Syr., Talm. to overthrow, suhvertere (whence schifto, a cancer or cancerous ulcer). The suffix refers to W?, and rJj'n before a plural subject is quite according to rule, Ges. § 14b\ 3. rrrPBC is mostly marked with Mercha, but according hope utl maun with \eh in

1 ha • lb lv i. tion io anything thai happ children that i. dchilcb Ewald); he iks of mankind in ral. "*— and ~v not here placed in contrast in the >«-m 1 little, but, as in the wolfs those who survive him: but pain and iadn< \t the dead; and the pain of his own flesh, the sadn >wn soul, him. He has tl, a no room nor does the j or

Towful e ' then, though his uea i bimw liardlv to be trai: I with Hofmann "in him." SO that it gives the intensive i <v to the wff* V i it ii improbable that in this connection, — where the indifference of the d* ing others, and the absolute reference himself of the existence of pain on his own account, are contrasted,— FTP, ver. 226, is to be understood according to ch. xxx. 16 i PtychoL S. 152), but rather objectively (over him). On the other hand, ver. 22a is not to be translated: over himself only does his flesh feel pain (Schlottm., Ilirz., and others); for the flesh as inanimate may indeed be poetically, so to speak zeugmatically, represented as conscious of pain, but not as referring its pain to another, and consequently as ii bin. i it in our! 0 t does his flesh suffer, all 1.. The first part of the s]

(eh. xii.) triumphantly pot town this arrogance and as-

•ossessor-. ii which they treat him mmon lot of while the i I the ungodh n mains undisturbed. In order, \. to then that what humble himself, can neitl twe nor help him, he th< ion, which in it! work I to this majesty, tl God, ind the absolute y li\ ing thing on 1 lim, and pr thai mting in an appreciation of the truth oontaii in the saj in of th< iption of the absolute ma I I ii ir it mai in the worki of nature, and i dly in the hist of man, which excels tin": i\ the thi T cription is, hot throughout s gloomy picture of di rs which God brii nt in tfa Id, corresponding to the gloomy condition ad in which Job is, and the disaster which is come upon himself.

As the friends I Failed 1 him by their descrip- tions oi G his own description is also utterly devoid of comfort. For the wisdom of G -L of which be speaks, is not the wisdom that orders tl. Id in whi is can confide, and in which cue h:h the surety of seeing every m life sooner or later gloriously I; but this wisdom is something purely negative, and repulsive rather than attractive, it is abstract exaltation over all created wisdom, whence it follows that he puts to shame the Wisdom of the wise. Of the justice of God he does not speak at all, for in the narrow idea of the friends lie cannot recognise its control; and of the love of God he speaks as little as the friends, for as the Bight of the divine love is removed from them by the onesidedness of their dogma, so is it from him by the feeling of the wrath of God which at present has possession of his whole being. Hegel has called the religion of the Old Testament the religion of sublimity (die Religion der Erhaheit); and it is true that, so long as that manifestation of bo shak no t the mi I punishment of G It i tli.it God will punish them for their partialit inge whi lit whi ists upon his affliction, to have mjustlj the il:i that \n M - in obj<. be denied, even in favour ledge tl. J with them; and to whom doei be now torn 1 B polled

God to h:nv, 1'iit, lik I. he thinl. better to fall ini hands of G 1 than into tb tfmai mi.

xxiv. 14 i. He will plead his can—' with G nd pi

Him his innoo he will do it, even 1 h he be oblL to expiate his boldn nth his life; for he kn that m«.rally he will not be overcome in tli- He requires compliance with but two conditions: that God would grant a iporary alleviation of I in, and that lie would not overawe him with the display of His majesty. Job's disput- iij>. 1 iily pi inch which, from aim- -it goes far 1 il doei nd in tin

>f his affliction tl I elopmeni whom it ii devd conformity with I issessicn..lob sees himself j his the conclusion from fa! mises th. inch* Bol he which:n. (m i himaolf appears to him to be unjust and in, fill. Ami against this God, whom the temptation has distorted and transformed to th rable image of a ruler, guided only by an absolute caprice, lie struggles on, and placei the truth and freedom of his moral self-consciousness over against the restraint of the condemnatory sentence, which seems to be pronounced over him in the dng he has to endure. Such is the struggle against

God which we behold in the second part of the speech (ch. xiiL): ready to prove his innocence, he challenges God to yean; an oooe we die, lameta • hotou earth a root doei mortal man i. In- baa fal

■ thont an\ vrledge reaj future Ufa, taat ] irtof huabeii'iry in the© nntry eati • f the Jordan. It i-. howerer, now nlmo

•fulness at decay, it is c lose to I 1 in r the vine-stock has iUl J in liko manner. i in the follon as man ung plants may betaken fi he old it in ti walnut- eases to bear n, 1 beo

If the tree.- • shoots spring

;r in uncommon I ar fruit in the second year.

The new shoot is called darbunc I: m manj trees, as the ci: (limune), a- I mulberry (tute), this new shoot often attains

Dgth c: d the ft led the tree has the conditio sine qua r.on which Job styles D*B ITH - | - ntiful supply of W*l ii was not yet lighted u; as iesj es d a master hand deabittoi *hat eras poaail m a«l.

it an:> yearning after the work <! Ii i again from

Urine u of beiag il abode.

I I • r hinw-lf in Sli ir as he would tl be season, li hi again become an of the divin He cheers himself with the delightful foi thru d is want to him, an 1 all ki f

• if he l»ut knew that there wai really a r which in tin old comment. whi f the

The writer ol - this. In the mi

"h in which Job is sunk, thii r him. In th, innot expand into b I of promise shin rth in that night, by which J ling ia controlled, and which make* the conflict darker than it is in!f. S Joh i I for a short space upon the i of that which h- ild gladly hope for, when the thought of the reality of that which he has to fear overwhelms him. He seems to himself to be an evil-doer who is with tl >n of 'ii. If we fcrans- the oppo 3g Ewald), but it means, illy in the book of Job, not only that which feels, but

• thinks and wills, the spiritually nd active inner nature of man (PsychoL S. -; as also in Arabic, >l-battin that which is within, in the deepest mystical sense.

Ilirz. and Benan translate the inf. abs. notoj which follows in rcsseil ""*!<, thrusts itself i: essary to know his life own » such words escap als in their falae view 1 whi ful io km ts (as ch< q in f that the fir 1 man, bee coming direct from the hand of Go i. ha i the m direct and profounde ight into the mysteries of the world which came into existence at the B time as himself.

proTvrba I ' ir* moff nrcrtit than the bo temaelves, whose discernment is deeper by rea their more advanced age. D| time, since it i^ uv, itifl guage" La i! i, refers to himaelf. Bui the reference would be where od th or g> like

's own admission \Udom among the

I it >rii thus Undsriy tpoken t

'base ao gentle a small:OQPD| ej r in bibl in jH.st-l.ililicml, tiin him* the reason off le stiff in born Beth - in lest.

the angels are certainly Dot OOTp but, like all C things, in space, and the Scriptu rerjrwhere speak of

I.. as in lii introduces the xxiii. • wbal is the same thi! ' pp Polyglott well trai ■• what d declare, without c pirtDB from the lition of th< "' win ill the o1 Id trans- lations, including Luther's, have missed the right meaning. These fathers to whom this doctrine the fate of the land of their birth, and did not mingle themselves with

- Heidenheim refers to Hob. viii. 2 for the position of the words, but there Israel may also be an apposition: we know thee, we Israel.

1 Communication from Consul We tntteio: I f I I i ipple it from ui wil rtssaon to a principle derived

Is no j»n ean raeea, espe« navianv roof of thu in their customs, languaj.

is ftnssfced by the wander <* of the.W-v an ai deacrta, people who have indeed ha ugglea, and have religions autonomy, and hare preserved i may be trac« ie earliest antiquity. It U unnecessary to prove thin by special instances, when the whole outer and inner hi then people! can be regarded aa the beat cotnmcnUi licaJ accounts of the patriarchal age. It is, howevi conaequent 1 v in a certain degree the dogma of a moral ord Thin dogma ia an essential element of ths a I the deaer basis of the Mosaic, and side bj side wr as continued am

Muds' of the desert; wh:.. I. iy before the appearance of Christianity tended to prepare the way I

*, according to historical test: died in

•ury. I the reform of Ialamism in the desert, **to whom al land k gii into whose midst no stranger has pen Had tl among settled races on, it mig taught ritings: if, hov ions of writings i; to it. which have been handed tistU* i» ihsrrndinti the water, ha the emigrant or marauder, and iu na:

a ooul same of his native emu i ia, an tr* * tbe richest prx « has, from the present, always been an apple of contention, and has

Mtii Most • \(KMiton tran I its the next line: rod throughout

Tad of in the n.ml especially with "^PD followed years are secretly appointed to the tyrant, which must 1. been $Kn6th n ersed position of the words, as ch.

limber of yea vrant (JC¥ as ijins. The thought expressed by t) rg«, Syr., and

••ouM be mil and die Dumber of the years (that unpunished) is hiddi rant; but if

With regard to the followii 21-24, it is doubtful whether Oil] evil-dot irit is described in amplifi "^nriD Kin, or also how the terrible images n which he Miffers in his conscience are realized, and how

. helplessly succumbs to the destruction which his imagination had long foreboded* A satisfactory and decisive iwer to this question is hardly possible; but considering that the real crisis is brought on by Eliphaz later, and fully described, it seems more probable that what has an objective tone in vers. 21-24 is controlled by what has been affirmed respecting the evil conscience of the ungodly, and is to be

I at his ha •en * 1 accordancr itr<l: rollin leth thee inl

IB n;i. In tl the « i no m in

I torn of tli bich from.sour lezioogT f its prou- ition to pouTy hurl down, pour has spilt, poured out, thrown down the in the medial VII. form incadara intransitive, to fall, fall which aboota d 11 the air upon r in the poetry in eon Hmpuium av ^ a urmUr transition of meaning to Out jreawf. am the la man*) form* a transition

. alimy. yeast} nxnnurh a* we speak of the point of contact for the word 1TT2, tumult of battle, *X**k «»' seems indicated: a denee crowd and tumult, where one k cloae upon another; at also orfo, norfe. signify not reciprocal dcsUuUion^aUngl but to prem firmly and closely upon one another, ft dense en of the object >ud defiance with which he challengingly. and i ra himself desolated it he dwells in ar as are laid under the curse, I.s it to a t!i< the reference ii only

:i»us, thai the lealy and ii

Ls called v.-,]•:' rabbuk, 'one who ii beaten in the conflict again-' hi.-i no e I are* t f Satan because God has cursed ao a man may I.-ume t. has appointe cause ' it ha.- a account iham. TL i has even been traL I by the tribes

:aea into Llamism of olation of the city of Higr (or

Hah n; but it is linguistically impofr- al* i substance thall not endure (DV on account of disobedience to GoJ nil mjr om from reewkabli k, some of ornament*', withosjl look xmhtat.■ bleat delay in U* do /on, bronght about by the violation of U of bos- thii b Mosa; I the source of c largest rirer of

Ian rrp. n) there are a namber of erect and remarks h are called 4 the bridal ^iwiiinn • (W-/0V1 •region was turned to stone, because a woman of ti.

<*ted attempts i^ •mains formaken, as an eternal witness that to), especially towards <

:i tboi na tli \\ nil theniftch irhich teems only to!»• linlv that which thi * the word is

I onion up in ai f 8 bat the long a of * 1 an in the infl moi tnjecture, rac • lt sickle d the th, is! ned down bj the richness of the produ the fiehl),. to the other extreme.1 Juda b. Kariscb (Kureisch)

« »ufT.f error the nm chanp

•a not escape darkneaa, bot ratK r ri*bee c MppoMUoa cl a itlaatite Sep ia th» ajfaill retina, aeoofdtaf to

» OQtfltfetched AJtB OT haml. thr mfTllalaa touch or reach torn really to graap ai ^o. adiymnf, ceeaffm, otaryvi, t«pe- howerer, like aoti and the tafiafcrtce geseralrjr, pom orcr to the eoacrete agniflcati a: what 00c at tame to. or what oae hae ahhoagh I caa gue 00 tpcod example m npport cf bare ti I vil " / trhicfa

■ cam apparent •: 1 nets, in the latter apparent prosj>erity —

1 I: comparison, it is needful to

e years also. lossoms fall off almost any

harre*- ■ therefore in such years

.rapes are usol o:■«. When the berries are only

alx acid: hoasekeej

casU, likf an ut i,, thia

. like a vi- Mi the far-f Qing i,mtr,: oca tbegrapei rft firmer the more unripe they are; i t:ik.-s the fini meaning <>f d©H, tthe it means t; It rij • docs n«)t

Hut why only an inij.' |„

'- tii was r» nod, God it te subject here, end DOfF, which signi-

Y< r.:»l declare* the lot of the family of the ungodly, which: thus figuratively i, without figure: the con.: family-circle) of the nngodly (:

according to its etymon mcUnan$} - ad malun.

on ch. xiii. I i it ifl i ipr from the Ipoint of

the judgment that is executed) TOsta, a hard, lifeless, stony mass (in the substantival sense of tlie Arabic <j'dmud instead of the adject, mtcfel, Isa. xlix. 21), i.e. stark dead (LXX.

prepare almost every kind of food. The people are exceedingly fond of things sour, a Inch is caused by the heat of the climate. During

the months of June, July, and August, above six hundred horses and asses laden with unripe grapes come daily to the market in Damascus alone, and during this season no one uses vinegar; hence the word N1D3 signifies in Syriac the acid (vinegar) koct I&xvj. In Arabic the unripe

grapes are exclusively called hhossrum (^2^), or, with a dialectic distinction, hissrim. — Wetzst.

deluded, and have really the good intention of convert!] their Friend.

Elipb that they bei -till more and more in i salutary impression on J!. ii the one hand, in tl I I 'litre turn about only in tin* circle of their old syllogism: sufl the punishment n, Job suffers, tl re he is s sinner who has to make atonement for his mii: on the otl ad, ini I f bein ted by an nncondition eptatioo of this maxim, the] thened in it. For while at tl 'inning tin- urged upon them only l>v ] »r- -in i -!<ed al my proof, so that they tak f.1 b which were not other- iriae kn<»wn to them j now, as they think, Job has himself furnished them with proof that he is s sinner who has merited such serere suffering* For whoever can speak so thoughtlessly and passionately, so vexatkrasly and irreverently, as Job has done, is, in their opinion, his own accuser and judge. It remains unperceived by them that Job's mind has lost its balance by reason of the Bercfeness of his temptation, and that in it nature and grace have fallen into s wild, confused conflict. In those -porches tl: i the true state of Job's spirit reveahd. What, before his aiHiction, was the determining principle of his inner life, seems to them now to be brought to light in the words of the sufferer. Job is a godless one; and if he does affirm his innocence so solemnly and strongly, and challenges the decision of God, this assurance is only hypocritical, and put on against his better knowledge and conscience, in order to disconcert his accusers, and to evade their admonitions to repentance. It is D^Dny JVJ9, a mere stratagem, like that of one who is guilty, who thinks he can overthrow the accusations brought against him by assuming the bold bearing of the accuser. Seb. Schmid counts up ache* leepie- »m anil gentle acinic

If, frith cm, and thus re|

I conscience as i it alto iti

>w liu i of retribu s now their ipeecheij th ird tl.

in himself and 1 *th a hat final v Dclosi his speech: J

B.t what Job iffirn!f as the ri one, is not neno. Be knows I kcg (eh. but be ilao knows that he ii si trofi p^n He ii oon-

MSnesi of 1 ir, whi<"h rests on the gf 1 turned to t! >f val

'-a redditur. In man Eliphas sees only the life of nat 1 not the life of grace, which, ise it is the word of

God, makes man irreproachable GrOcL He sees in

.'!» only the rough shell, and not the kernel; only the hard shell, and not the pearl. AW know, however, from the prolomie, that Jehovah acknowledged Job as His servant when he decreed suffering for him; and this sufferer, whom the link— • iah interpreters give it,

. Blui th rets >nl«l overwhelm

, in order that, a^ in a mirr and pmXmxim; — originally and first, of bodily sickness, then also of ions and conditions of spirit, as envy, hatred, malice, etc.; uid. Smr. 2, v. 9, and Bcidhawi thereon.— lies ar tural, m<T tha e bea litcad of C,sr

What goes from i it (= nothii

!i full nasi be understood (rtVf. on in which all hi 5th ifl edit II lately incapable of any resistance to his pain, and care has also been taken that no solacing word shall come to him from any quarter: Thou hast made all my society desolate (Carey: all my clan); rttjg of the household, as in ch. xv. 34. ome: in nihilum redacti sunt omnes artus mei (^2X 73, as of I and d t lii ii fnun w horn the

= di up, ii rimilar. IIi^ wasted, emaciated apjxaran ( JoJ has thus ihriTeUed him o forth against him,

I him to hii ised him not n behind I has changed himself in relation to him into an enem\. Schlottm. ri and tofttn

In wrath of Qod win J • thinks I sui":. I •.. wrath f God which tore him tilely | with the lame word in A* i tl)j I I

I against him with II teeth; God of into with j ind in II a the final ity which bai d rm with the tinuat ith whicl forth rn-

And cart me into the hand >er.

He doefl not mean the friends by those who mock and him with their contemptuous words, but the men around him who envied his prosperity and now rejoice at his misfortune; those to whom his uprightness was a burden, and who now consider themselves disencumbered of their liege lord, the

1<, to have a; tobcv furnish lias ooilM the latl u: it si i:ill tin

A: v to break ap entirely, crash, crumble dash to pieces: taking him by the neck, God raised him on high in order to dash him to the ground with all His might. rraO (from IBJj Trjpelv, like gkottos from cneeTTTeadat) is the target, as in the similar passage, Lam. iii. 12, distinct from PIBDj ch. vii. 20, object of attack and point of attack: God has Bet me up for a target for himself, in order as it were to try what He and His arrows can do. Accordingly PS*] (from I?) = narij non? jacere) signifies not: His archers

,e gall takca pUr adder or any

,e frail tout aawming some mcr en with a aeT«v rtho hare no appcecia' working of?iolept and par. rjcaea mar- his nake ttributed to the hide the body by elephant i vhich will not admit the " in I ilmud the full the healthy otfa n which I rrible his indeed by S ffho transl. " I digged into"), to hut thi the H wl is unknown, it sicni- fics rather to inflict pain, or scorn (e*g. Lam. iii. 51, mi caoseth pain to my soul), generally with t5, here with the accusative: I have misused, i.e. injured or defiled (as the Jewish expositors explain), my horn with dust. Tliis is not equivalent to my head (as in the Syr. version), but he calls rything that was hUh TJ6 l.\\.

red building, takes its name), reddened, i.e. fan w« and this has to weakened them, that the shadow of deati on §q.) seems to rest u: they are there- able is his state and appearance, altl.

lijfmjlfla, wh<- lance in sa th and ashes, and shed tears of penitence without any solace. 1 1 lains V? as a prepo > absence of evil in hai it ver. 17a and 176 are substantial clauses, and bv is pur cordis et feeling of the strung contrast between his being stigmatized as an evildoer by such terrible I:ig, — from this rast which has risen now to its -ess of pat ring, the Id I the i.

18 Oh earth, cover Own blooa\

19 Even now behold in heaven is my Witness,

And One who acbioxcUdgeth me is i is!

that is ii' I 1 u{» cries for Vi I in the 1"." > «>f his mnooenoej Job calli upon the to lei it Ik bai ihowing that it mast I | of all