Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament

Vers. 6-14. The condemnation of that contempt of the Lord which the priests displayed by offering bad or blemished animals in sacrifices, commences with the following verse. Ver. 6. “A son honoureth the father, and a servant his master. And if I am a father, where is my honour? and if I am a master, where is my fear? saith Jehovah of hosts to you, ye priests who despise my name, and yet say, Wherein have we despised Thy name? Wer. 7. Ye who offer polluted bread upon my altar, and yet say, Wherewith have we polluted thee? In that ye say, The table of Jehovah, it is despised. Ver. 8. And if ye offer what is blind for sacrifice, it 1s no wickedness; and if ye offer what is lame and diseased, it is no wickedness. Offer it, now, to thy governor: will he be gracious to thee, or accept thy person? saith Jehovah of hosts. Ver. 9. And now, supplicate the face of God, that He may have compassion upon us: of your hand has this occurred: will He look upon a person on your account? saith Jehovah of hosts.” his reproof is simply directed against the priests, but it applies to the whole nation; for in the times after the captivity the priests formed the soul of the national life. In order to make an impression with his reproof, the prophet commences with a generally acknowledged truth, by which both priests and people could and ought to measure their attitude towards the Lord. The statement, that the son honours the father and the servant his master, is not to be taken as a moral demand. 732) is not jussive (Targ., Luth., etc.); for this would only weaken the prophet’s argument. The imperfect expresses what generally occurs, individual exceptions which are sometimes met with being overlooked. Malachi does not even appeal to the law in Ex. xx. 12, which enjoins upon children reverence towards their parents, and in which reverence on the part of a servant towards his master is also implied, but simply lays it down as a truth which no one will call in question. To this he appends the further truth, which will also be admitted without contradiction, that ae is the Father and Lord of Israel. Jehovah is called the Father of Israel in the song of Moses (Deut. xxxii. 6), inasmuch as He created and trained Israel to be His covenant nation; compare Isa. lxiii. 16, where Jehovah is called the Father of Israel as being its Peles (also Jer. xxxi. 9 and Ps. c.3). As Father, God is also Lord (‘addonim: plur. majest.) of the nation, which He has made His possession. But if He isa Father, the honour which a son owes to his father is due to Him; and if a Lord, the fear which a servant owes to his lord is also due to Him. The suffixes attached to i23 and ‘87i9 are used in an objective sense, as in Gen. ix. 2, Ex. xx. 17, ete. In order now to say to the priests in the most striking manner that they do the opposite of this, the prophet calls them in his address despisers of the name of Jehovah, and fortifies this against their reply by proving that they exhibit this contempt in their performance of the altar service. With regard to the construction of the clauses in the last members of ver. 6, and also in ver, 7, the participle Dv is parallel to mw 3a, and the reply a the priests to the charge brought against élente is attached to these two participial Pintaes by ‘eaindl ye say;” and the antithesis is exhibited more clearly by the choice of the finite tense, than it would have been by the continuation of the participle. Ver. Taa is not an answer to the ey of the priests, ‘“ Wherein have we despised Thy name?” for the answer could not be given in the participle; but though the clause commencing with maggishim does explain the previous rebuke, viz. that they VOL. II. 25 despise the name of Jehovah, and will not even admit that this is true, it is not in the form of an answer to the reply of the opponents, but by a simple reference to the conduct of the priests. The answer is appended by 527282 m ver. 7b to the reply made to this charge also; and this answer is explained in ver. 8 by an allusion to the nature ofthe sacrificial animals, without being followed by a fresh reply on the part of the priests, because this fact cannot be denied. The contempt on the part of the priests of the name of Jehovah, i.e. of the glory in which God manifested Himself in Israel, was seen in the fact that they offered polluted bread upon the altar of Jehovah. Lechem, bread or food, does not refer to the shew-bread, for that was not offered upon the altar, but is the sacrificial flesh, which is called in Lev. xxi. 6, 8, 17, the food (lechem) of God (on the application of this epithet to the sacrifices, see the remarks in our comm. on Lev. iii. 11, 16). The prophet calls this food DNsind, polluted, blemished, not so much with reference to the fact, that the priests offered the sacrifices in a hypocritical or impure state of mind (Ewald), as because, according to ver. 8, the sacrificial animals were affected with blemishes (mam), or had something corrupt (moshchath) about them (Lev. xxii. 20-25). The reply, “ Wherewith have we defiled Thee?” is to be explained from the idea that either touching or eating anything unclean would defile a person. In this sense they regard the offering of defiled food to God as defiling God Himself. The prophet answers: In that ye represent the table of Jehovah as something contemptible. The table of Jehovah is the altar, upon which the sacrifices (¢.e. the food of God) were laid. i!) has the force of an adjective here: contemptible. They represent the altar as contemptible not so much in words or speeches, as in their practice, viz. by offering up bad, despicable sacrificial animals, which had blemishes, being either blind, lame, or diseased, and which were unfit for sacrifices on account of these blemishes, according to the law in Ley. xxii. 20 sqq. Thus they violated both reverence for the altar and also reverence for Jehovah. The words 37 }'8 are not to be taken as a question, but are used by the prophet in the sense of the priests, and thus assume the form of bitter irony. ¥1, bad, evil, as a calumniation of Jehovah. In order to disclose to them their wrong in the most striking manner, the prophet asks them whether the governor (ANB: see at Hag. i. 1) would accept such presents; and then in ver. 9 draws this conclusion, that God also would not hear the prayers of the priests for the’ people. He clothes this conclusion in the form of a challenge to supplicate the face of Jehovah (28 nbn: see at Zech. vii. 2), that God would have compassion upon the nation; but at the same time he intimates by the question, whether God would take any notice of this, that under the existing circumstances such intercession would be fruitless. Oye iP} >) is selected in the place of M7) ‘28, to lay the greater emphasis upon the antithesis between God and man (the governor). If the governor would not accept worthless gifts graciously, how could they expect a gracious answer to their prayers from God when they offered such gifts to Him? The suffix in 133% refers to the people, in which the prophet includes himself. The clause “from your hand has nt (this: viz. the offering of such reprehensible sacrifices) proceeded” (cf. Isa. 1. 11), is inserted between the summons to pray to God and the intimation of the certain failure of such intercession, to give still further prominence to the unlawfulness of such an act. The question ‘3 8B is appended to the principal clause xy7bn, and D'38 D1 does not stand for 03°28: will He lift up your face, 7.¢. show you favour? but 519 is causal, “on your account” (Koehler): “will He regard a person, that is to say, will He show favour to any one, on your account, viz. because ye pray to Him for compassion, when these are the actions ye perform?” The view of Jerome, Grotius, and Hitzig, that the challenge to seek the face of God is an earnest call to repentance or to penitential prayer, is at variance with the context. What follows, for example, is opposed to this, where the prophet says it would be better if the temple were closed, since God does not need sacrifices.

Ver. 10. “ O that there were one among you, who would shut the doors, that ye might not light mine altar to no purpose! I have no pleasure in you, saith Jehovah of hosts, and sacrificial offering does not please me from your hand. Ver. 11. For from the rising of the sun to the setting thereof my name is great among the nations, and in every place incense is burned and sacrifice offered, and indeed a pure sacrifice to my name; for my name is great among the nations, saith Schovah of hosts.

Ver. 12. And ye desecrate it with your saying: the table of Jehovah, tt is defiled, and its fruit—contemptible is its food. Ver. 13. And ye say: behold what a plague! and ye blow upon it, saith Jehovah of hosts, and ye bring hither what is robbed and the lame and the sick, and thus ye bring the sacrificial gift; shall I take pleasure in this from your hand? saith Jehovah.” The construction 74D D022 ") is to be explained in accordance with Job xix. 23: “Who is among you and he would shut,” for “ who is there who would shut 2”” and the question is to be taken as the expression of a wish, as in 2 Sam. xv. 4, Ps. iv. 7, etc.: “would that some one among you would shut!” The claus is sharpened by gam, sane not only belongs to 033, but to the whole of the clause: “O that some one would shut,” ete. The doors, the shutting of which is to be desired, are the folding doors of the inner court, in which the altar of burntoffering stood; and the object of the wish is that the altar might no more be lighted up, not “by lights which burned by the side of the altar” (Ewald), but by the shining of the sacrificial fire which burned upon the altar. 03M, in vain, é.e. without any object or use, for Jehovah had no pleasure in such priests or such worthless sacrifices. MJinchdh here is not the meatoffering as distinguished from the slain-offering, but sacrifice generally, as in 1 Sam. ii. 17, Isa. i. 18, Zeph. iii. 10, ete. Such sacrifices God does not desire, for His name proves itself to be great among all the nations of the earth, so that pure sacrifices are offered to Him in every place. This is the simple connection between vers. 10 and 11, and one in perfect harmony with the words. Koehler’s objection, that such a line of argument apparently presupposes that God needs sacrifices on the part of man for His own sake, and is only in a condition to despise the sacrifices of His nation when another nation offers Him better ones, has no force, because the expression “for His own sake,” in the sense of “ for His sustenance or to render the perpetuation of His being possible,” with the conclusion drawn from it, is neither to be found in the words of the text, nor in the explanation referred to. God does indeed need no sacrifices for the maintenance of His existence, and He does not demand them for this purpose, but He demands them as signs of the dependence of men upon Him, or of the recognition on the part of men that they are indebted to God for life and every other blessing, and owe Him honour, praise, and thanksgiving in return. In this sense God needs sacrifices, because otherwise He would not be God to men on earth; and from this point of view the argument that God did not want to receive the reprehensible sacrifices of the Israelitish priests, because sacrifices were offered to Him by the nations of the earth in all places, and therefore His name was and remained great notwithstanding the desecration of it on the part of Israel, was a very proper one for attacking the delusion, that God needs sacrifices for His own sustenance; a delusion which the Israelitish priests, against whom Malachi was contending, really cherished, if not in thesi, at all events in praxi, when they thought any sacrificial animal good enough for God. Koehler’s assumption, that ver. 11 contains a subordinate parenthetical thought, and that the reason for the assertion in ver. 100 is not given till vers. 12, 13, is opposed to the structure of the sentences, since it necessitates the insertion of “ although” after ‘3 in ver. 11.

It is much more difficult to decide the question whether ver. 11 treats of what was already occurring at the time of the prophet himself, as Hitzig, Maurer, and Koehler suppose (after the LXX., Ephr., Theod. Mops., etc.), or of that which would take place in the future through the reception of the heathen into the kingdom of God in the place of Israel, which would be rejected for a time (Cyr., Theod., Jerome, Luther, Calvin, and others, down to Hengstenberg and Schmieder). Both of these explanations are admissible on grammatical grounds; for such passages as Gen. xv. 14 and Joel iii. 4 show very clearly that the participle is also used for the future. If we take the words as referring to the present, they can only mean that the heathen, with the worship and sacrifices which they offer to the gods, do worship, though ignorantly yet in the deepest sense, the true and living God (Koehler). But this thought is not even expressed by the Apostle Paul in so definite or general a form, either in Rom. i. 19, 20, where he teaches that the heathen can discern the invisible being of God from His works, or in Acts xvii. 23 sqq. in his address at Athens, where he infers from the inscription upon an altar, “to the unknown God,” that the unknown God, whom the Athenians worshipped, is the true God who made heaven and earth. Still less is this thought contained in our verse. Malachi does not speak of an

“unknown God,” whom all nations from the rising to the setting of the sun, z.e. over all the earth, worshipped, but says that Jehovah’s name is great among the nations of the whole earth. And the name a God is only great among the Gentiles, when Jehovah has proved Himself to them to be a great God, so that they have discerned the greatness of the living God from His marvellous works and thus have learned to fear Him (cf. Zeph. ii. 11; Ps. xlvi. 9-11; Ex. xv. 11, 14-16).. This experience of the greatness of God forms the substratum for the offering of sacrifices in every place, since this offering is not mentioned merely as the consequence of the fact that the name of Jehovah is great among the nations; but in the clause before the last, “the latter is also expressly placed towards the former in the relation of cause to effect” (Koehler). The idea, therefore, that the statement, that incense is burned andsacrifice offered to the name of Jehovah in every place, refers to the sacrifices which the heathen offered to their gods, is quite inadmissible. At the time of Malachi the name of Jehovah was not great from the rising to the setting of the sun, nor were incense and sacrifice offered to Him in every place, and therefore even Hitzig looks upon the expression pipi7P22 as *t saying too much.” Conca we must understand the words prophetically as relating to that spread of the kingdom of God among all nations, oi which the worship of the true God would commence “in every place.” Dipiorp2a forms an antithesis to the one place, in the temple at Jerusalem, to which the worship of God was limited during the time of the old covenant (Deut. xii. 5, 6). OPP is not a partic. nominasc., incense, sufimentum, for this could not signify the burntoffering or slain-offering as distinguished from the meat-offering (minchah), but it is a partic. verbale, and denotes not the kindling of the sacrificial flesh upon the altar, but the kindling of the incense (suffitur) 5 for otherwise W3 would necessarily tad before 1?!, since the presentation preceded the burning upon the altar. The two participles are connected together qantas and without any definite subject (see Ewald, 5 295,a). It is true that minchah thorah does actually belong to muggdsh as the subject, but it is attached by Vav erplic. in the form of an explanatory apposition: offering is presented to my name, and indeed a sacrificial gift (minchah covering every sacrifice, as in ver. 10). The emphasis rests upon ¢hordh, pure, 2.¢. according to the requirements of the law, in contrast to sacrifices polluted by faulty animals, such as the priests of that day were accustomed to offer." In the allusion to the worship, which would be paid by all nations to the name of the Lord, there is an intimation that the kingdom of God will be taken from the Jews who despise the Lord, and given to the heathen who seek God. This intimation forms the basis for the curse pronounced in ver. 14 upon the despisers.of God, and shows “that the kingdom of God will not perish, when the Lord comes and smites the land with the curse (iv. 6), but that this apparent death is the way to true life” (Hengstenberg).

To this allusion to the attitude which the heathen will assume towards Jehovah when He reveals His name to them, the prophet appends as an antithesis in vers. 12, 13 a repetition of the reproof, that the priests of Israel desecrate the name of the Lord by that contempt of His name, which they display by offering faulty animals in sacrifice. Ver. 12 is only a repetition of the rebuke in ver. 7. ob is really equivalent to OY nta and Day in vers. 6 and 7, and ona to M23 in ver. 7, which occurs in the last clause of ver. 12 as synonymous with it. The additional words ‘) i37) serve to strengthen the opinion expressed by the priests concerning the table of the Lord. 117°) is placed at the head absolutely, and is substantially resumed in PaN, 3), proventus, produce, income; the suffix refers to shulchan Yhovah (the table of the Lord). The revenue of the table of the Lord, 7.e. of the altar, consisted of the sacrifices offered upon it, which are also called its food. The assumption is an erroneous one, that the sentence contains any such thought as

1Jn Mal. i. 11 the Romish Church finds a biblical foundation for its doctrine of the bloodless sacrifice of the New Testament, 7.e. the holy sacrifice of the mass (see Canones et decreta concil. Trident. sess. 22), understanding by minchah the meat-offering as distinguished from the bloody sacrifices. But even if there were any ground for this explanation of the word, which there is not, it would furnish no support to the sacrifice of the mass, since apart from the fact that the sacrifice of the mass has a totally different meaning from the meat-offering of the Old Testament, the literal interpretation of the word is precluded by the parallel ‘‘ burning incense” or ‘‘frankincense.” If burning incense was a symbol of prayer, as even Reincke admits, the ‘‘ sacrificial offering” can only have denoted the spiritual surrender of a man to God (Rom. xii. 1).

the following: “The revenue drawn by the priests from the altar, z.e. the sacrificial flesh which fell to their share, was contemptible;” according to which the priests would be represented as declaring, that they themselves could not eat the flesh of the sacrifices offered without disgust; for they could not possibly speak in this way, since it was they themselves who admitted the faulty animals. If the flesh of blind, lame, or diseased animals had been too bad for food in their estimation, they would not have admitted such animals or offered them in sacrifice (Koehler), Even in ver. 13 this thought is not implied. nen is a contraction of mNenmD (cf. Ges. § 20, 2, a): What a weariness it is! The object, which the priests declare to be a burdensome and troublesome affair, can only be inferred from the following expression, v’hippachtem othd. Hippédch signifies here to blow away, like 2 757 in Ps. x. 5, which is radically connected with it, z.e. to treat contemptuously. The suffix inix does not refer to Pay, but<te™ new, The table of Jehovah (i.e. the altar) they treat contemptuously. Consequently the service at the altar is a burden or a trouble to them, whereas this service ought to be regarded as an honour and a privilege. Jerome thinks that instead of jnix, we might read ‘NIX, which is found in a good number of codices; and according to the Masora, jnix has found its way into the text as Tikkun Sopherim (compare the remarks at Hab. i. 12 on the Tikkune Sopherim). But in this case also the reading in the text is evidently original and correct. They manifest their contempt of the altar by offering in sacrifice that which has been stolen, etc. (cf. ver. 8). The first ONN17 is to be understood as referring to the bringing of the animals to the altar; the second to the offering of the animals upon the altar; and NHWI-NS BSN) is to be interpreted thus: “And having brought such worthless animals to the slaughter, ye then offer the sacrificial gift.” There is indeed no express prohibition in the law against offering gdzul, or that which has been stolen; but it was shut out from the class of admissible sacrifices by the simple fact, that robbery was to be visited with punishment as a crime. The reproof closes with the question, which is repeated from ver. 8 (cf. ver. 10), whether God can accept such sacrifices with pleasure. The prophet then utters the curse in the name of God upon all who offer bad and unsuitable sacrifices.

Ver. 14. “ And cursed is he who deceives whilst there is in his flock a male animal, and he who vows and sacrifices to the Lord that which is corrupt; for I am a great King, saith Jehovah of hosts, and my name is feared among the nations.” This verse is not attached adversatively to ver. 13), but Vav is the simple copula, for the question in ver. 13) has a negative sense, or is to be answered by “ No.” To this answer there is attached the curse upon all the Israelites who offer such sacrifices to God as have not the characteristics required by the law. ‘Two cases are mentioned. In the first place, that when according to the law a male animal ought to have been sacrificed, the person offering the sacrifice offered a female, ze. one of less value, under the pretence that he did not possess or could not procure a male. The prophet calls this nékhal, cheating. The second case refers to votive sacrifices; for which as zebhach sh‘lémim (Lev. xxil. 21) both male and female animals could be used, though only such as were free from faults, inasmuch as animals having any moshchdth are declared in Lev. xxli. 25 to be not acceptable. Moshchdth, according to the Masoretic pointing, is the feminine of the hophal participle for ANN, like MW» for NNW» in 1 Kings i. 15 (cf. Ewald, § 188, b, Sul Olshausen, Pp: 393), according to which we howld have to think of a female animal in bad condition. This pointing, however, is probably connected with the view still defended by Ewald, Maurer, and Hitzig, that the words M3h 773 are a continuation of the eroua nial clause ‘121 W, and that ver. 14 only refers to votive sacrifices: Cursed is the deceiver who has in his flock a male, but vows and sacrifices a corrupt female. This view, however, is evidently opposed to the meaning of the words. If 173) were a circumstantial clause, we aigell expect “T73 NAT. Moreover, since even female animals were admissible for votive sacrifices, the vowing and offering of a female animal could not be blamed in itself, ail figeenates what was reprehensible was not that a female animal was vowed and offered in sacrifice by any one, but that, instead of offering a faultless animal (tdmim), he presented a blemished one. We must therefore follow the ancient translators and many commentators, who read moshchdth (mase.), according to which the curse is pronounced upon any one who vowed a sacrifice and afterwards redeemed his vow with a faulty and unsuitable animal.

An animal was moshchath, corrupt, when it had any fault, which rendered it unsuitable for sacrifice. The reason for the curse is explained by reminding them of the greatness of God. Because Jehovah is a great King and His name is feared among the nations, to offer a corrupt animal in sacrifice is an offence against His majesty.

Chap. ii. 1-9. The rebuke administered to the priests for their wicked doings is followed by an announcement of the punishment which they will bring upon themselves in case they should not observe the admonition, or render to the Lord the reverence due to His name when discharging the duties of their office. Ver. 1. “ And now, ye priests, this commandment comes to you. Ver. 2. If ye do not hear and lay tt to heart, to give glory to my name, saith Jehovah of hosts, I send against you the curse and curse your blessings, yea I have cursed them, because ye will not lay tt to heart. Ver. 3. Behold I rebuke your arm, and scatter dung upon your face, the dung of your feasts, and they will carry you away to it. Ver. 4. And ye will perceive that I have sent this commandment to you, that it may be my covenant with Levi, saith Jehovah of hosts.” Ver. 1 introduces the threat; this is called mitsvah, a command, not as a commission which the prophet received, for the speaker is not the prophet, but Jehovah Himself; nor as “instruction, admonition, or warning,” for mitsvdh has no such meaning. Mitsvdh is rather to be explained from tstvvdh in Nah. i.14. The term command is applied to that which the Lord has resolved to bring upon a person, inasmuch as the execution or accomplishment is effected by earthly instruments by virtue of a divine command. The reference is to the threat of punishment which follows in vers. 2 and 3, but which is only to be carried out in case the priests do not hear and lay to heart, namely, the warning which the Lord has addressed to them through Malachi (i. 6-13), and sanctify His name by their service. If they shall not do this, God will send the curse against them, and that in two ways. In the first place He will curse their blessings; in fact, He has already done so. B*rakhoth, blessings, are obviously not the revenues of the priests, tithes, atonement-money, and portions of the sacrifices (L. de Dieu, Ros., Hitzig), but the blessings pronounced by the priests upon the people by virtue of their office. These

God will curse, ze. He will make them ineffective, or turn them into the very opposite. imnjN Di is not a simple, emphatic repetition, but ‘NN is a perfect, which affirms that the curse has already taken effect. The emphatic v’gam, and also, and indeed, also requires this. The suffix 1 attached to ‘NN is to be taken distributively: “each particular blessing.” In the second place God will rebuke YUA7NN, ic. the seed. But since the priests did not practise agriculture, it is impossible to see how rebuking the seed,.e. causing a failure of the crops, could be a punishment peculiar to the priests. We must therefore follow the LX X., Aquila, Vulg., Ewald, and others, and adopt the pointing YN7, i.e. the arm. Rebuking the arm does not mean exactly “laming the arm,” nor manifesting His displeasure in any way against the arm, which the priests raised to bless (Koehler). For it was not the arm but the hand that was raised to bless (Lev. ix. 22; Luke xxiv. 50), and rebuking signifies something more than the manifestation of displeasure. It is with the arm that a man performs his business or the duties of his calling; and rebuking the arm, therefore, signifies the neutralizing of the official duties performed at the altar and in the sanctuary. Moreover, God will also deliver them up to the most contemptuous treatment, by scattering dung in their faces, namely, the dung of their feasts. Chaggim, feasts, is used metonymically for festal sacrifices, or the sacrificial animals slain at the festivals (cf. Ps. cxvill. 27). The dung of the sacrificial animals was to be carried away to an unclean place outside the camp and burned there, in the case of the sin-offerings, upon an ash-heap (Lev. iv. 12, xvi. 27; Ex. xxix. 14). Scattering dung in the face was a sign and figurative description of the most ignominious treatment. Through the expression “dung of your festal sacrifices,” the festal sacrifices offered by these priests are described as being themselves dung; and the thought is this: the contempt of the Lord, which they show by offering blind or lame animals, or such as are blemished in other ways, He will repay to them by giving them up to the greatest ignominy. The threat is strengthened by the clause aS pans x2, which has been interpreted, however, in different ways. The Vulgate, Luther (“and shall remain sticking to you”), Calvin, and others take peresh as the subject to X¥2: “the dung will draw the priests to itself, so that they will also become dung.” But 82 has no’ such meaning; we must therefore leave the subject incense: they (man) will carry you away, or sweep you away to it, 2.2. treat you as dung. When they should be treated in this ignominious manner, then would they perceive that the threatening had come from the Lord. “ This commandment (mitsvah) is the mitsvdh mentioned in ver. 1. The infinitive clause which follows announces the purpose of God, in causing this threat to come to pass. But the explanation of these words is a disputed point, since we may either take b’rithi (my covenant) as the subject, or supply hammitsvéh (the commandment) from the previous clause. In the first case (“that my covenant may be with Levi”) the meaning could only be, that the covenant with Levi may continue. But although hdydh does indeed mean to exist, it does not mean to continue, or be maintained. We must therefore take hammitsvah as the subject, as Luther, Calvin, and others have done (“that it, viz. my purpose, may be my covenant with Levi”). Koehler adopts this, and has explained it correctly thus: “They will perceive that just as Jehovah has hitherto regulated His conduct towards Levi by the terms of His covenant, which was made with it at the time of its departure from Egypt, so will He henceforth let it be regulated by the terms of the decree of punishment which He has resolved upon now, so that this decree of punishment takes the place, as it were, of the earlier covenant.” Lévi is the tribe of Levi, which culminated in the priesthood. The attitude of God towards the priests is called a covenant, inasmuch as God placed them in a special relation to Himself by choosing them for the service of the sanctuary, which not only pane to them rights and promises, but imposed duties upon them, on the falaieont of which the reception of the gifts of divine grace depended (vid. Deut. x. 8, 9, xxxiti. 8-10; Num. xviii. 1 sqq., sory. LO'sqq:):

Lo explain and show the reason for this thought, the real nature of the covenant made with Levi is described in vers. 5-7; and vers. 8 and 9 then show how the priests have neutralized this covenant by forsaking the way of their fathers, so that God is obliged to act differently towards them now, and deliver them up to shame and ignominy. Ver. 5. “ My covenant was with him life and salvation, and I lent them to him for fear, and he feared me and trembled before my name. Ver. 6. Law of truth was in his mouth and there was no perversity on his lips, he walked with me in salvation and integrity, and brought back many from guilt. Ver. 7. For the priests lips should keep knowledge, and men seek law from his mouth, because he is a messenger of Jehovah.” In ver. 5a pidvim p'nt are the nominative of the predicate. “My covenant was with him life,” etc., means, my covenant consisted in this, that life and salvation were guaranteed and granted to him. The elliptical mode of explaining it, viz. “my covenant was a covenant of life and salvation,” gives the same sense, only there is no analogous example by which this ellipsis can be vindicated, since such passages as Num. xxv. 12, Gen. xxiv. 24, and Hos. xiv. 3, which Hitzig adduces in support of it, are either of a different character, or different in their meaning. Shalom, salvation (peace), is the sum of all the blessings requisite for wellbeing. Jehovah granted life and salvation to Levi, 7.2. to the priesthood, for fear, viz. as the lever of the fear of God; and Levi, z.e. the priesthood of the olden time, responded to this divine intention. ‘He feared me.” Michath is the niphal not of ndchath, he descended, 7.e. humbled himself (Ewald, Reincke), but of chdthath, to terrify, to shake, which is frequently met with in connection with NS) (e.g. Deut. xxxi. 8, Josh. i. 9, Jer. i.17). Vers. 5 and 6 state how Levi preserved this fear both officially and in life. Torath’emeth (analogous to mishpat ’émeth in Zech. vii. 9) is instruction in the law consistingintrath. Truth, which had its roots in the law of Jehovah, was the rule not only of his own conduct, but also and more especially of the instruction which he had to give to the people (cf. ver. 7). The opposite of ’¢meth is ‘avléh, perversity, conduct which is not reculated by the law of God, but by selfishness or sinful self-interest. Grammatically considered, the feminine ‘avldh is not the subject to 882, but is construed as the object: “they found not perversity” (cf. Ges. § 143, 1, b; Ewald, § 295, 6). Thus he walked in peace (salvation) and integrity before God. B’shdlom is not merely in a state of peace, or in peaceableness, nor even equivalent to pow 2373 (2 Kings xx. 3), but according to ver. 5, “ equipped with the salvation bestowed upon him by God.” The integritas vite is affirmed in Wea, “NS "on, to walk with Jehovah, denotes the most confidential intercourse with God, or walking as it were by the side of God (see at Gen. v. 22). Through this faithful discharge of the duties of his calling, Levi («.e. the priesthood) brought many back from guilt or iniquity, that is to say, led many back from the way of sin to the right way, viz. to the fear of God (cf. Dan. xii. 3). But Levi did nothing more than what the standing and vocation of the priest required. For the lips of the priest should preserve knowledge. ny7 is the knowledge of God and of His will as revealed in the law. These the lips of the priest should keep, to instruct the people therein; for out of the mouth of the priest men seek torah, law, i.e. instruction in the will of God, because he is a messenger of Jehovah to the people. FNP, the standing epithet for the angels as the heavenly messengers of God, is here applied to the priests, as it is in Hag.i. 13 to the prophets. Whilst the prophets were extraordinary messengers of God, who proclaimed to the people the will and counsel of the Lord, the priests, by virtue of their office, were so to speak the standing or ordinary messengers of God. But the priests of that time had become utterly untrue to this vocation.

‘Ver. 8. “ But ye have departed from the way, have made many to stumble at the law, have corrupted the covenant of Levi, saith Jehovah of hosts. Ver. 9. Thus I also make you despised and base with all the people, inasmuch as ye do not keep my ways, and respect person in the law.” 11 is the way depicted in vers. 6 and 7, in which the priests ought to have walked. mina prowion does not mean “ye have caused to fall by instruction” (Koehler); for, in the first place, hattoradh (with the article) is not the instruction or teaching of the priests, but the law of God; and secondly, 3 with >> denotes the object against which a man stumbles and which causes him to fall. Hitzig has given the correct explanation: ye have made the law to many a avian, instead of the light of their way, through your example and through false teaching, as though the law allowed or commanded things which in reality are sin. In this way they have corrupted or overthrown the covenant with Levi. "bn, with the article, is not the patriarch Levi, but his posterity, really the priesthood, as the kernel of the Levites. Hence Jehovah also is no longer bound by the covenant, but withdraws from the priests what He granted to the Levi who was faithful to the covenant, viz. life and salvation (ver. 5), and makes them contemptible and base with all the people. This is simply a just retribution for the fact, that the priests depart from His ways and have respect to men. Battordh, in the law, 2.e.in the administration of the law, they act with partiality. For the fact itself compare Mie. iii. 11.

This section does not stand in any close connection with the preceding one. It does not furnish an example of the stumbling upon the law mentioned in ver. 8; nor is the violation of the covenant of the fathers (ver. 10) or of the marriage covenant (ver. 14) appended to the neutralizing of the covenant of Levi on the part of the priests (vers. 8 and 4). For there is no indication in vers. 10-16 that the priests gave any impulse through their bad teaching to the breaches of the law which are here condemned; and the violation of the covenant of the fathers and of the marriage covenant forms no more a thought by which the whole is ruled, than the violation of the covenant with Levi in the previous section (Koehler). The prophet rather passes over with ver. 10 to a perfectly new object, namely, the condemnation of marriages with heathen women (vers. 10-12), and of the frivolous dissolution of marriages with Israelitish women, which was the natural consequence of the former (vers. 13-16). This sin the priests have only so far participated in, that they set a bad example to the people in their own unprincipled treatment of the law, which might ‘easily lead to contempt of the divine ordinance of marriage.— Ver. 10. “ Have we not all one father? hath not one God created us? wherefore are we treacherous one towards another, to desecrate the covenant of our fathers? Ver. 11. Judah acts treacherously, and abomination has taken place in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah has desecrated the sanctuary of Jehovah, which He loves, and marries the daughter of a strange god. Ver.12. Jehovah will cut off, to the man that doeth this, wakers and answerers out of the tents of Jacob, and him that offereth sacrifices to Jehovah of hosts.” Malachi adopts the same course here as in the previous rebuke, and commences with a general clause, from which the wrongfulness of marriages with heathen women and of frivolous divorces necessarily followed. The one father, whom all have, is neither Adam, the progenitor of all men, nor Abraham, the father of the Israelitish nation, but Jehovah, who calls Himself the Father of the nation in ch. i. 6. God is the Father of Israel as its Creator; not, however, in the general sense in which He is Creator of all men, but in the more sacred sense, according to which He made Israel the people of His possession. By the two clauses placed at the head, Malachi intends not so much to lay emphasis upon the common descent of all the Israelites, by virtue of which they form one united family in contrast with the heathen, as to say that all the Israelites are children of God, and as such spiritual brethren and sisters. Consequently every violation of the fraternal relation, such as that of which the Israelite was guilty who married a heathen woman, or put away an Israelitish wife, was also an offence against God, a desecration of His covenant. The idea that the expression “ one father” refers to Abraham as the ancestor of the nation (Jerome, Calvin, and others), is precluded by the fact, that not only the Israelites, but also the Ishmaelites and Edomites were descended from Abraham; and there is no ground whatever for thinking of Jacob, because, although he had indeed given his name to Israel, he is never singled out as its ancestor. Nibhgad is the first pers. plur. imperf. kal, notwithstanding the fact that in other cases bagad has cholem in the imperfect; for the niphal of this verb is never met with. The Israelite acted faithlessly towards his brother, both when he contracted a marriage with a heathen woman, and when he put away his Israelitish wife, and thereby desecrated the covenant of the fathers, 7.e. the covenant which Jehovah made with the fathers, when He chose them from among the heathen, and adopted them as His covenant nation (Ex. xix. 5, 6, xxiv. 8). The reason for this rebuke is given in ver. 11, in a statement of what has taken place. In order the more emphatically to describe this as reprehensible, bag’dah (hath dealt treacherously) is repeated and applied to the whole nation. Y*haddh (Judah), construed as a feminine, is the land acting in its inhabitants. Then what has taken place is described as 72Yin, abomination, like idolatry, witcheraft, and other grievous sins (cf. Deut. xiii, 15, xviii. 9 sqq.), in which the name Jsrael is intentionally chosen as the holy name of the nation, to indicate the contrast between the holy vocation of Israel and its unholy conduct. In addition to Israel as the national name (= Judah) Jerusalem is also mentioned, as is frequently the case, as the capital and centre of the nation. What has occurred is an abomination, because Judah desecrates ‘* YIP, ze. neither the holiness of Jehovah as a divine attribute, nor the temple as the sanctuary, still less the holy state of marriage, which is never so designated in the Old Testament, but Israel as the nation which Jehovah loved. Israel is called godesh, a sanctuary or holy thing, as WP DY, which Jehovah has chosen out of all nations to be His peculiar possession (Deut. vii. 6, xiv. 2; Jer. 11.3; Ps. cxiv. 2; Ezra ix. 2: see Targ., Rashi, Ab. Ezra, etc.). Through the sin which it had committed, Judah, z.e. the community which had returned from exile, had profaned itself as the sanctuary of God, or neutralized itself as a holy community chosen and beloved of Jehovah (Koehler). To this there is appended, though not till the last clause, the statement of the abomination: Judah, in its individual members, has married the daughter of a strange god (cf. Ezra ix. 2 sqq.; Neh. xiii. 23 sqq.). By the expression 723 Oss na the person married is described as an idolatress (bath, daughter = dependent). ‘This involved the desecration of the holy calling of the nation. It is true that in the law it is only marriages with Canaanites that are expressly forbidden (Ex. xxxiv. 16; Deut. vii. 3), but the reason assigned for this prohibition shows, that all marriages with heathen women, who did not give up their idolatry, were thereby denounced as irreconcilable with the calling of Israel (see at 1 Kings xi. 1, 2). This sin may God punish by cutting off every one who commits it. This threat of punishment (ver. 12) is indeed only expressed in the form of a wish, but the wish has been created by the impulse of the Holy Spirit. Very different and by no means satisfactory explanations have been given of the expression 73)) 1, the waking one (ry the participle of wy) and the answering one, a proverbial description of the posterity of the wicked man formed by the combination of opposites (on the custom of expressing totality VOL. II. 2F by opposites, see Dietrich, Abhandlung zur hebr. Gramm. p. 201 sqq.), in which, however, the meaning of the word ¥ still continues a matter of dispute. The rabbinical explanation, which is followed by Luther, viz. teacher and scholar, is founded upon the meaning evcitare given to the verb “4y, and the excitans is supposed to be the teacher who stimulates by questioning and admonishing. But apart from all other reasons which tell against this explanation, it does not suit the context; for there is not a single word to indicate that the prophet is speaking only of priests who have taken foreign wives; on the contrary, the prophet accuses Judah and Jerusalem, and therefore the people generally, of being guilty of this sin. Moreover, it was no punishment to an Israelite to have no rabbi or teacher of the law among his sons. The words are at any rate to be taken more generally than this. The best established meaning is vigil et respondens, in which J is taken transitively, as in Job xli. 2 in the chethib, and in the Chaldee 1¥, watcher (Dan. iv. 10 (13) and 14 (17)), in the sense of vivus quisque. In this case the proverbial phrase would be taken from the night-watchman (J. D. Mich., Ros., Ges. Thes. p. 1004). It is no conclusive objection to this, that the words which follow, nn) v2), evidently stand upon the same line as 739) 7Y and must ent part of the same whole, and therefore that nay) Ww cannot of itself embrace the whole. For this conclusion is by no means a necessary one. If the two expressions referred to portions of the same whole, they could not well be separated from one another by 3)y" “MINI, Moreover, the limitation of m9) W to the age of childhood founders “upon the artificial interpretation rach it is necessary to give to the two words, According to Koehler 7Y denotes the child i in the first stage of its growth, in which it only manifests its life by occasionally waking up from its ordinary state of deep, death-like slumber, and 2¥ the more advanced child, which is able to speak and answer questions. But who would ever think of calling a child in the first weeks of its life, when it sleeps more than it wakes, a waker? Moreover, the sleep of an infant is not a “deep, death-like slumber.” The words “out of the tents of Jacob,” i.e. the houses of Israel, belong to n2’. The last clause adds the further announcement, that whoever commits such abominations shall have no one to offer a sacrificial gift to the Lord.

These words are not to be taken as referring to the priestly caste, as Hitzig supposes; but Jerome has given the correct meaning: “and whoever is willing to offer a gift upon the altar for men of this description.” The meaning of the whole verse is the following: “May God not only cut off every descendant of such a sinner out of the houses of Israel, but any one who might offer a sacrifice for him in expiation of his sin.”

Ver. 13. “And this ye do a second time: cover the altar of Jehovah with tears, with weeping and sighs, so that He does not turn any more to the sacrifice, and accept the well-pleasing thing at your hand. Ver. 14. And ye say, Wherefore? Because Jehovah has been witness between thee and the wife of thy youth, towards whom thou hast acted treacherously; whereas she ts nevertheless thy campanion, and the wife of thy covenant. Ver. 15. And not one did so who had still a remnant of spirit. And what (did) the one? He sought seed of God. Therefore shall ye take heed for your spirit, and deal not faithlessly to the wife of thy youth. Ver. 16. For I hate divorce, saith Jehovah, the God of Israel; and he will cover wickedness over his garment, saith Jehovah of hosts. Thus shall ye take heed to your spirit, and not deal treacherously.” In these verses the prophet condemns a second moral transgression on the part of the people, viz. the putting away of their wives. By shénith (as a second thing, 1.é. for the second time) this sin is placed in the same category as the sin condemned in the previous verses. Here again the moral reprehensibility of the sin is described in ver. 11, before the sin itself is named. They cover the altar of Jehovah with tears, namely, by compelling the wives who have been put away to lay their trouble before God in the sanctuary. The inf. constr. introduces the more minute definition of nNt; and MPIN) "D2 is a supplementary apposition to MY, added to give greater ‘force to the meaning. “iy PSD, so that there is no more a turning (of Tehoval) to the sacrifice, i.e. so that God does not graciously accept your sacrifice any more (cf Num. xvi. 15). The following infinitive nnpey is also dependent upon PNd, but on account ie the words which intervene it is attached with >. i¥9, the good pleasure or satisfaction, used as abstractum pro conereto for the well-pleasing sacrifice. Ver. 14 This sin also the persons addressed will not recognise. They inquire the reason why God will no more graciously accept their sacrifices, whereupon the prophet discloses their sin in the plainest terms. "aby — WIN", as in Deut. xxxi. 17, Judg. iii. 12, etc. The words, “because Jehovah was a witness between thee and the wife of thy youth,” cannot be understood as Ges., Umbreit, and Koehler assume, in accordance with ch. ili. 5, as signifying that Jehovah had interposed between them as an avenging witness; for in that case TYN would necessarily be construed with 3, but they refer to the fact that the marriage took place before the face of God, or with looking up to God; and the objection that nothing is known of any religious benediction at the marriage, or any mutual vow of fidelity, is merely an argumentum a_ silentio, which proves nothing. If the marriage was a b%rith Elohim (a covenant of God), as described in Prov. ii. 17, it was also concluded before the face of God, and God was a witness to the marriage. With the expression “wife of thy youth” the prophet appeals to the heart of the husband, pointing to the love of his youth with which the marriage had been entered into; and so also in the circumstantial clause, through which he brings to the light the faithless treatment of the wife in putting her away: “ Yet she was thy companion, who shared thy joy and sorrow, and the wife of thy covenant, with whom thou didst make a covenant for life.” In ver. 15a the prophet shows still further the reprehensible character of the divorce, by rebutting the appeal to Abraham’s conduct towards Hagar as inapplicable. The trae interpretation of this hemistich, which has been explained in very different, and to some extent in very marvellous ways, is obvious enough if we only bear in mind that the subordinate clause i? 7 wwvh, from its very position and from the words themselves, can only contain a more precise definition of the subject of the principal clause. The affirmation “a remnant of spirit is (was) to him” does not apply to God, but only to man, as L. de Dieu has correctly observed. udch denotes here, as in Num. xxvii. 18, Josh. v. 1, 1 Kings x. 5, not so much intelligence and consideration, as the higher power breathed into man by God, which determines that moral and religious life to which we are accustomed to give the name of virtue. By ’echdd (one), therefore, we cannot understand God, but only a man; and ToS Ny) (not any one = no one, not one man) is the subject of the sentence, whilst the object to NYY must be supplied from the previous sentence: “ No man, who has even a remnant of reason, or of sense for right and wrong, has done,” sc. what ye are doing, namely, faithlessly put away the wife of his youth. To this there is appended the objection: “ And what did the one do?” which the prophet adduces as a possible exception that may be taken to his statement, for the purpose of refuting it. The words 7987 71) are elliptical, the verb MY, which may easily be supplied from the previous clause, being omitted (cf. Eccl. ii. 12), TON, not unus aliquis, but the well-known one, whom it was most natural to think of when the question in hand was that of putting away a wife, viz. Abraham, who put away Hagar, by whom he had begotten Ishmael, and who was therefore also his wife (Gen. xxi.). The prophet therefore replies, that Abraham sought to obtain the seed promised him by God, i.e. he dismissed Hagar, because God promised to give him the desired posterity, not in Ishmael through the maid Hagar, but through Sarah in Isaac, so that in doing this he was simply acting in obedience to the word of God (Gen. xxi. 12). After meeting this possible objection, Malachi warns h's contemporaries to beware of faithlessly putting away their wives. The Vav before nishmartem is the Vav rel., through which the perfect acquires the force of a cohortative as a deduction from the facts before them, as in ny) in 1 Kings li. 6 (see Ewald, § 342, c). ina W3 is synonymous with iwpi2 12W2 in Jer. xvii. 21, and this is equivalent to iwinap 12w3 in Deut. iv. 15 and Josh. xxiii. 11. The instrumental view of 3 (“by means of the Spirit:” Koehler) is thus proved to be inadmissible. ‘Take heed to your spirit,” i.e. beware of losing your spirit. We need not take radch in a different sense here from that in which it is used in the clause immediately preceding; for with the loss of the spiritual and moral vis vite, which has been received from God, the life itself perishes. What it is that they are to beware of is stated in the last clause, which is attached by the simple copula (Vav), and in which the address passes from the second person into the third, to express what is affirmed as applying to every man. This interchange of thow (in wife of thy youth) and he (in 733.) in the same clause appears very strange to our mode of thought and speech; but it is not without analogy in Hebrew (eg. in

Isa. i. 29; cf. Ewald, § 319, a), so that we have no right to alter 742° into 743M, since the ancient versions and the readings of certain codices do not furnish sufficient critical authority for such a change. The subject in ary is naturally thought of as indefinite: any one, men. This warning is accounted for in ver. 16, first of all in the statement that God hates putting away. nov is the inf. constr. piel and the object to Ni’: “the sending away (of a wife), divorce.” N3Y isa participle, the pronominal subject being omitted, as in maggid in Zech. ix. 12, because it may ae be inten red from the following re: WO8 (saith the Lord of hosts). The thought is not at variance with Deut. xxiv. 1 sqq., where the putting away of a wife is allowed; for this was allowed because of the hardness of their hearts, whereas God desires that a marriage should be kept sacred (cf. Matt. xix. 3 sqq. and the comm. on Deut. xxiv. 1-5). A second reason for condemning the divorce is given in the words ‘> by Don ADD, which do not depend upon mY °D, but form a sentence OE ee to this. We may either ake these words, “he (who puts away his wife) covers his garment with sin,” or “sin covers his garment.” The meaning is the same in either case, namely, that wickedness will adhere irremoveably to such a man. The figurative expression may be explained from the idea that the dress reflects the inward part of a man, and therefore a soiled garment is a symbol of uncleanness of heart (cf. Zech. il. 4; Isa. lxiv. 5; Rev. iii. 4, vii. 14). With a repetition of the warning to beware of this faithlessness, the subject is brought to a close.

In this section the prophet’s words are directed against the spirit of discontent and murmuring which prevailed among the people, who lost faith in all the promises of God, because the expected manifestation of the glory of the Lord for the good of His people did not take place at once, and in their despair called even the holiness and justice of God in question, and began to deny the coming of the Lord to judge the world. The prophet lets the feelings of the people express themselves in ch. ii. 17, for the purpose of meeting them with an announcement of the day of the Lord and its true nature, in ch. iii. and iv. Before His coming the Lord will send a messenger, to prepare the way for Him. Ue Himself will then suddenly come, and that to refine His people by the fire of judgment and to exterminate the sinners (ch. iii. 1-6). The people are retarding the revelation of the promised salvation through their unfaithfulness to God (vers. 7-12), and preparing destruction for themselves by their impatient murmuring; for in the day of judgment none but the righteous find mercy: the judgment will make manifest the distinction between the righteous and the wicked (vers. 13-18), and bring destruction to the wicked, and salvation to the godly (ch. iv. 1-3). The prophecy then closes with the admonition to lay to heart the law of Moses, and with an announcement that the Lord will send the prophet Elijah before the day of His coming, to call the degenerate nation to repentance, in order that when He appears the land may not be smitten with the curse (vers. 4-6).

Ch. 1. 17. “ Ye weary Jehovah with your words, and say, Wherewith do we weary? In that ye say, Every évil-doer ts good in the eyes of Jehovah, and He takes pleasure in them, or where ts the God of judgment?” The persons who are introduced as speaking here are neither the pious Israelites, who were not only pressed down by the weight of their heavy afflictions, but indignant at the prosperity of their godless countrymen, and were thus impelled to give utterance to despairing complaints, and doubts as to the justice of God (Theodoret); nor a middle class between the truly pious and perfectly godless, consisting of those who were led by a certain instinctive need to adopt the faith inherited from the fathers, and sought to fulfil the commandments of the moral law of God, but the foundations of whose faith and piety were not deep enough for them humbly to submit themselves to the marvellous ways of God, so that whenever the dealings of God did not correspond to their expectations, they lost their faith in Him and turned their backs upon Him (Koehler). The whole of the contents of this section are opposed to the first assumption. Those who murmured against God were, according to ch. ili. 7 sqq., such as had departed like the fathers from the law of God and defrauded God in the tithes and heave-offerings, and with whom those who feared God are contrasted in vers. 16 sqq. Moreover, the reproach brought against them in ch. il. 17, “Ye weary Jehovah with your words,” and in ch. ii. 13, “Your words put constraint upon me,” show that they do not belong to the righteous, who, while bending under the burden of temptation, appear to have raised similar complaints; as we read for example in Ps. xxxvil., xlix., and Ixxiii. The second view is precluded by the absence, not only of every trace of the nation being divided into three classes, but also of every indication that those who murmured thus had endeavoured to fulfil the commandments of the moral law of God. The answer of the Lord to this murmuring is addressed to the whole nation as one which had departed from His commandments, and defrauded God with the tithes and sacrifices (ch. 11. 7, 8). The judgment which they wanted to see would fall, according to ch. ili. 5, upon the sorcerers, adulterers, and other gross sinners; and in ch. ili. 16-18 the only persons distinguished from these are the truly righteous who remember the name of the Lord. It clearly follows from this, that the feelings expressed in ch. ii. 17 and iii. 13 were not cherished by the whole nation without exception, but only by the great mass of the people, in contrast with whom the small handful of godly men formed a vanishing minority, which is passed over in the attack made upon the spirit prevailing in the nation. This disposition vents itself in the words: Every one who does evil is good in the eyes of God, and Jehovah takes pleasure in the wicked. By x2 nvy the murmurers mean, not notorious sinners in their midst, but the heathen who enjoyed undisturbed prosperity. To give a reason for this fancy, they inquire, Where is the

God of judgment? js, “or,” aie. if this be not the case, as in Job xvi. 3, xxii. 11, why does not God punish the ungodly heathen? why does He not interpose as judge, if He has no pleasure in the wicked? Such speeches as these the prophet calls y317, a wearying of God (cf. Isa. xliii, 23, 24).

Ch. iil. 1-6. Coming of the Lord to judgment. Ver. 1. “ Behold, I send my messenger, that he may prepare the way before me; and the Lord, whom ye seek, will suddenly come to His temple, and the angel of the covenant, whom ye desire; behold he comes, saith Jehovah of hosts.” 'To the question, Where is or remains the God of judgment? the Lord Himself replies that He will suddenly come to His temple, but that before His coming He will send a messenger to prepare the way for Him. The announcement of this messenger rests upon the prophecy in Isa. xl. 3 sqq., as the expression 977 7253, which is borrowed from that passage, clearly shows. The person whose voice Isaiah heard calling to make the way of Jehovah in the desert, that the glory of the Lord might be revealed to all flesh, is here described as FNP, whom Jehovah will send before Him, i.e. before His coming. This mal*aékh is not a heavenly messenger, or spiritual being (Rashi, Kimchi), nor the angel of Jehovah car’ €£oyjv, who is mentioned afterwards and called malakh habb*rith, but an earthly messenger of the Lord, and indeed the same who is called the prophet Elijah in ver. 23, and therefore not “an ideal person, viz. the whole choir of divine messengers, who are to prepare the way for the coming of salvation, and open the door for the future grace” (Hengst.), but a concrete personality—-a messenger who was really sent to the nation in John the Baptist immediately before the coming of the Lord. The ideal view is precluded not only by the historical fact, that not a single prophet arose in Israel during the whole period between Malachi and John, but also by the context of the passage before us, according to which the sending of the messenger was to take place immediately before the coming of the Lord to His temple. It is true that in ch. ii. 7 the priest is also called a messenger of Jehovah; but the expression new ‘223 (behold I send) prevents our understanding the term mal’ékh as referring to the priests, or even as including them, inasmuch as “sending” would not apply to the priests as the standing mediators between the Lord and His people. Moreover, it was because the priests did not fulfil their duty as the ordinary ambassadors of God that the Lord was about to send an extraordinary messenger. Preparing the way (477 738, an expression peculiar to Isaiah: compare Isa. xl. 3; also, Isa. lvii. 14 and Ixii. 10), by clearing away the impediments lying in the road, denotes the removal of all that retards the coming of the Lord to His people, i.e. the taking away of enmity to God and of ungodliness by the preaching of repentance and the conversion of sinners. The announcement of this messenger therefore implied, that the nation in its existing moral condition was not yet prepared for the reception of the Lord, and therefore had no ground for murmuring at the delay of the manifestation of the divine glory, but ought rather to murmur at its own sin and estrangement from God. When the way shall have been prepared, the Lord will suddenly come. O88, not statim, immediately (Jerome), but unexpectedly. “This suddenness is repeated in all the acts and judgments of the Lord. The Lord of glory always comes as a thief in the night to those who sleep in their sins” (Schmieder), “The Lord” (ha’ddon) is God; this is evident both from the fact that He comes to His temple, «.e. the temple of Jehovah, and also from the relative clause “whom ye seek,” which points back to the question, “Where is the God of judgment?” (ch. 11.17.) The Lord comes to His temple (hékhdl, lit. palace) as the God-king of Israel, to dwell therein for ever (cf. Ezek. xliii. 7, xxxvii. 26, 27). And He comes as the angel of the covenant, for whom the people are longing. The identity of the angel of the covenant with the “Lord” (ha’ddon) is placed beyond the reach of doubt by the parallelism of the clauses, and the notion is thereby refuted that the “ covenant angel” is identical with the person previously mentioned as *282'2 (Hitzig, Maurer, etc.). This identity does not indeed exclude a distinction of person; but it does exclude a difference between the two, or the opinion that the angel of the covenant is that mediator whom Isaiah had promised (Isa. xlii, 6) as the antitype of Moses, and the mediator of a new, perfect, and eternallyenduring covenant relation between God and Israel (Hofmann, Schriftbeweis, i. p. 183). For it was not for a second Moses that the people were longing, or for a mediator of the new covenant, but for the coming of God to judgment. The coming of the Lord to His temple is represented as a coming of the covenant angel, with reference to the fact that Jehovah had in the olden time revealed His glory in His Mal’akh ‘in a manner perceptible to the senses, and that in this mode of revelation He had not only redeemed Israel out of the hand of Egypt (Ex. il. 6 sqq.), gone before the army of Israel (Ex. xiv. 19), and led Israel through the desert to Canaan (Ex. xxii. 20 sqq., xxxin. 14 sqq.), but had also filled the temple with His glory. The covenant, in relation to which the Mal’akh, who is of one essence with Jehovah, is here called the angel of the covenant, is not the new covenant promised in Jer. xxxi. 31 sqq., but the covenant of Jehovah with Israel, according to which Jehovah dwells in the midst of Israel, and manifests His gracious presence by blessing the righteous and punishing the ungodly (cf. Ex. xxv. 8; Lev. xxvi. 11, 12; Deut. iv. 24; Isa. xxxiii. 14): (Koehler). The words “ Behold he (the covenant angel) cometh” serve to confirm the assurance, and are still further strengthened by ‘¥ “* 78 (saith Jehovah of hosts). This promise was fulfilled in the coming of Christ, in whom the angel of the covenant, the Logos, became flesh, and in the sending of John the Baptist, who prepared the way for Him. (See also at ver. 24.)

With the coming of the Lord the judgment will also begin; not the judgment upon the heathen, however, for which the ungodly nation was longing, but the judgment upon the godless members of the covenant nation. Ver. 2. “And who endures the day of His coming? and who can stand at His appearing? for He is like the smelter’s fire, and like washers’ lye: Ver. 3. And will sit smelting and purifying silver, and will purify the children of Levi, and refine like gold and silver, that they may be offering to Jehovah His sacrifice in righteousness. Ver. 4. And the sacrifice of Judah and Jerusalem will be pleasant, as in the days of the olden time, and as in the years of the past.’ The question “who endures the day” has a negative meaning, like ‘2 in Isa. lili, 1: no one endures it (for the fact itself compare Joel ii. 11). The prophet is speaking to the ungodly. The second clause is synonymous. 712¥, to remain standing, in contrast with falling, or sinking under the burden of the judgment. The reason for this is given in the second hemistich. The Lord when He comes will be like a smelter’s fire, which burns out all the corrupt ingredients that are mixed with the gold and silver (cf. Zech. xiii. 9), and like the lye or alkaline salt by which clothes are cleansed from dirt (cf. Isa. iv. 4). The double figure has but one meaning; hence only the first figure is carried out in ver. 3, a somewhat different turn being given to it, since the Lord is no longer compared to the fire, but represented as a smelter. As a smelter purifies gold and silver from the dross adhering to it, so will the Lord refine the sons of Levi, by whom the priests are principally intended. The yéshabh (sit) serves as a pictorial description, like ‘dmad (stand) in Mic.

v. 3. The participles mtsdreéph and m’tahér describe the capacity in which He sits, viz. as a smelter and purifier of silver. Pp?: to strain, or filter; a term transferred to metals, because in smelting the pure metal is allowed to flow off, so that the earthy ingredients are left in the crucible (Ps. xi. 7 5 Job xxviii. 1, etc.). The fact that the sons of Levi are named, as the object of the refining action of the Lord, is to be explained from what is mentioned in ch. i. 6 sqq. concerning their degeneracy. Since they, the supporters and promoters of the religious life of the nation, were quite corrupt, the renovation of the national life must begin with their purification. This purification, however, does not consist merely in the fact, that the individuals who are displeasing to God will be cut off from among them (Koehler), nor merely in their being cleansed from the sins and crimes adhering to them (Hitzig), but in both, so that those who are corrigible are improved, and the incorrigible cut off. This is implied in the idea of purification, and is confirmed by the result of the refining work of the Lord, as given in the last clause of the verse. They are to become to the Lord offerers of sacrifices in righteousness. Dits*ddqah does not refer to the nature of the sacrifices, viz. righteous sacrifices, 7.e. such as correspond to the law, but to the moral character of the offerers, viz. that they will attend to the offering of sacrifice in a proper state of heart, as in Ps. iv. 6. wD IT is a constructio periphr. to denote the permanence of the action (cf. Ewald, § 168, c). The tsageph-gqaton does not compel us to separate nine 1 (compare, on the contrary, Gen. i. 6b for example). Then, namely when the priests offer sacrifices in righteousness again, will the sacrificing of the whole nation be pleasant to the Lord, as was the case in the olden time. The days of the olden time and years of the past are the times of Moses, or the first years of the sojourn in the desert (Jer. 11. 2), possibly also the times of David and of the first years of the reign of Solomon; whereas now, 7.e. in the time of Malachi, the sacrifices of the nation were displeasing to God, not merely on account of the sins of the people (ch. ii. 13), but chiefly on account of the badness of the sacrificing priests (i. 10, 13). Moreover, we must not infer from vers. 3 and 4, that Malachi imagined that the Old Testament worship would be continued during the Messianic times; but his words are to be explained from the custom of the prophets, of using the forms of the Old Testament worship to depict the reverence for God which would characterize the new covenant.

Ver. 5. “ And I will draw near to you to judgment, and will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against those who swear for deceit, and those who press down the wages of the hireling, the widow and the orphan, and bow down the foreigner, and fear not me, saith Jehovah of hosts. Wer. 6. For I Jehovah, I change not; and ye sons of Israel, ye are not consumed.” ‘The refining which the Lord will perform at His coming will not limit itself to the priests, but become a judgment upon all sinners. This judgment is threatened against those who wanted the judgment of God to come, according to ch. 11.17. To these the Lord will draw near to judgment, and rise up as a swift witness against all the wicked who do not fear Him. The word ‘737? dace not imply that the judgment announced will actually commence at once. The drawing near to judgment takes place in the day of His coming (ver. 2), and this is preceded by the sending of the messenger to prepare the way. The words affirm nothing as to the time of the coming, because this was not revered to the prophet. Nor is there any intimation on this point in the word 7%, but simply the announcement that the Lord will come with unexpected rapidity, in contrast with the murmuring of the people at the delay of judgment (ch. 11.17). 1» answers substantially to DnB in ver. 1. God comes as a practical witness against the wicked, convicting them of their guilt by punishing teen The eatin sins mentioned here are such as were grievous sins in the eye of the law, and to some extent were punishable with death. On sorcerers and adulterers see Hx. xxii. 17, Lev. xx..10,: Deut. xxu.'22. That sorcery was very common among the Jews after the captivity, is evident from such passages as Acts vill. 9, xii. 6, and from Josephus, Ant. xx. 6, de bell. Jud. ii. 12, 23; and the occurrence of adultery may be inferred from the condemnation of the marriages with heathen wives in ch. il. 10-16. On false swearing compare Ley. xix. 12. The expression to press the wages of the labourer is unusual, since the only other passage in which PY is construed with a neuter object is Mic. ii. 2, and in every other case it is applied to persons; for 2¥ PY’Y compare Ley. xix. 13 and Deut. xxiv. 14, 15, to which the reproof refers, Din) naps are not genitives dependent upon 73”, but further objects to ‘pYY. For the fact itself compare Ex. xxii. 21-23, Deut. xxiv. 17, xxvii. 19. To 11 °®2 we are not to supply DvD, after Deut. xxiv. 17 and xxvii. 19; but 7571 is used of the person as in Amos v. 12: to bow down the stranger, i.e. to oppress him unjustly. The words, “and fear not me,” point to the source from which all these sins flowed, and refer to all the sinners mentioned before. This threat of judgment is explained in ver. 6 in the double clause: that Jehovah does not change, and the sons of Israel do not perish. Because Jehovah is unchangeable in His purposes, and Israel as the people of God is not to perish, therefore will God exterminate the wicked out of Israel by means of judgment, in order to refine it and shape it according to its true calling. The perfects are used to express established truths. The unchangeableness of God is implied in the name Jehovah, “who is that He is,” the absolutely independent and absolutely existing One (see at Gen. ii. 4). For the fact itself compare Num. xxiii. 19, 1 Sam. xv. 29, Jas. i. 17. Jehovah is in apposition to ’dnz (1), and not a predicate in the sense of “I am Jehovah” (Luther, Hengstenberg, etc.); this is evident from the parallel apy" 22 OFS) (and ye, the sons of Jacob), where no one thinks of taking ‘py’ 22 (sons of Jacob) as a predicate. Kalah, to come to an end, to be destroyed, as the parallel passage, Jer. xxx. 11, which floated before the prophet’s mind, clearly shows. The name “sons of Jacob” (poetical for sons of Israel) is used emphatically, denoting the true members of the people of God, who rightly bear the name of Jsrael. These do not perish, because their existence rests upon the promise of the unchangeable God (cf. Rom. xi. 28, 29).

After the Lord has announced to the murmuring people that He will suddenly draw near to judgment upon the wicked, He proceeds to explain the reason why He has hitherto withheld His blessing and His salvation. Ver. 7. “ From the days of your fathers ye have departed from mine ordinances, and have not kept them. Return to me, and I will return to you, saith Jehovah of hosts; and ye say, Wherein shall we return? Ver. 8. Dare aman indeed defraud God, that ye have defrauded me? and ye say, In what have we defrauded Thee? In the tithes and the heave-offering. Ver. 9. Ye are cursed with the curse, and yet ye defraud me, even the whole nation.” The reason why Israel waits in vain for the judgment and the salvation dawning with it, is not to be found in God, but in the people, in the fact, that from time immemorial they have transgressed the commandments of God (see Isa. xliii. 27; Ezek. ii. 3; Hos. x. 9). And yet they regard themselves as righteous. They reply to the call to repentance by saying, 22 7193, wherein, ze. in what particular, shall we turn? The prophet thereupon shows them their sin: they do what no man should presume to attempt —they try to defraud God in the tithe and heave-offering, namely, by either not paying them at all, or not paying them as they should into the house of God. ¥2?, which only occurs here and at Prov. xxii. 23, signifies to defraud, to overreach. ‘sn Wy is either an accusative of free subordination, or else we must supply the preposition 2 from the question itself. On the tithe see Lev. xxvii. 380 sqq.. Num. xviii. 20 sqq., and Deut. xiv. 22 sqq. (see also my Bibl. Ant. i. p. 837 sqq.); and on the heave-offering (rumah), the portion of his income lifted off from the rest, for the purposes of divine worship, see my Bibl. Ant. i. p. 245. And this they do, notwithstanding the fact that God has already visited them with severe punishment, viz. with the curse of barrenness and of the failure of the harvest. We may see from vers. 10-12, that the curse with which they were smitten consisted in this. ‘NS! is adversative: yet ye defraud me, and indeed the whole nation, and not merely certain individuals.

Ver. 10. “ Bring ye all the tithe into the thediaunechouse, that there may be consumption in my house, and prove me now herewith, saith Jehovah of hosts, if I do not open you the slices of heaven, and pour you out a blessing to superabundance. Ver. 11. And I will rebuke the devourer for you, that he may not destroy the fruit of your ground; and your vine will not miscarry in the field, saith Jehovah of hosts. Wer.12. And all nations will call you blessed; for ye will be a land of good pleasure, saith Jehovah of hosts.” In ver. 10a the emphasis lies upon hol: the whole of the tithe they are to bring, and not merely a portion of it, and so defraud the Lord; for the tithe was paid to Jehovah for His servants the Levites (Num. xviii. 24). It was delivered, at least after the times of the later kings, at the sanctuary, where store-chambers were built for the purpose (cf. 2 Chron. xxxi. 11 sqq; Neh. x. 38, 39, xii. 44, xii. 12). Tereph signifies here food, or consumption, as in Prov. xxxi. 15, Ps. cxi. 5. Mia, through this, i.e. through their giving to God what they are under obligation to give Him, they are to prove God, whether in His attitude towards them He is no longer the holy and righteous God (ii. 17, iii. 6). Then will they also learn, that He causes the promised blessing to flow in the richest abundance to those who keep His commandments. ND DN is not a particle of asseveration or oath (IXoehler), but an indirect question: whether not. Opening the sluices of heaven is a figure, denoting the most copious supply of blessing, so that it flows down from heaven like a pouring rain (as in 2 Kings vil. 2), oa ty, till there is no more need, 7.e. in superabundance. This thought is individualized in ver. 11. Everything that could injure the fruits of the land God will take away. ‘Wi, to rebuke practically, ze. to avert the intention. 2%, the devourer, is here the locust, so called from its insatiable voracity. Shikkél, to miscarry, is affirmed of the vine, when it has set a good quantity of grapes, which perish and drop off before they ripen. In consequence of this blessing, all nations will call Israel blessed (ver. 12), because its land will be an object of pleasure to every one (cf. Zech. vii. 14, viul. 13, 23).

Vers. 13-18. The impatient murmuring of the nation.— Ver. 13. “ Your words do violence to me, saith Jehovah; and ye say, What do we converse against Thee? Ver. 14. Ye say, It is vain to serve God; and what gain is it, that we have kept His guard, and have gone about in deep mourning before Jehovah of hosts? Ver. 15. And now we call the proud blessed: not only have the doers of wickedness been built up, but they have also tempted God and have been saved.” After the Lord has disclosed to the people the cause of His withholding His blessing, He shows them still further, that their murmuring against Him is unjust, and that the coming day of judgment will bring to light the distinction between the wicked and those who fear God. PIN with °Y, to be strong over any one, does not mean to be harsh or burdensome, but to do violence to a person, to overpower him (cf, Ex. xii. 33; 2 Sam. xxiv. 4, etc.). The niphal nidbar has a reciprocal meaning, to converse with one another (cf. Ezek. xxxiii. 30). The conversations which they carry on with one another take this direction, that it is useless to serve God, because the righteous have no advantage over sinners. For imiwin 12v see the comm. on Gen. xxvi. 5. Hiélakh g’dorannith, to go about dirty or black, either with their faces and clothes unwashed, or wrapped in black mourning costume (sag), is a sign of mourning, here of fasting, as mourning for sin (ef. Ps. xxxv. 13, 14, xxxviil. 7; Job xxx. 28; 1 iiaces iii. 48). nin? 9350, fds awe of Jehovah. The fasting, and that in its ene form, they bring into prominence as a special sign of their piety, as an act of penitence, through which they make reparation for certain sins against God, by which we are not to understand the fasting prescribed for the day of atonement, but voluntary fasting, which was regarded as a special sign of piety. What is reprehensible in the state of mind expressing itself in these words, is not so much the complaint that their piety brings them no gain (for such complaints were uttered even by believing souls in their hours of temptation; cf. Ps. Ixxii. 13), as the delusion that their merely outward worship, which was bad enough according to what has already been affirmed, is the genuine worship which God must acknowledge and reward. This disposition to attribute worth to the opus operatum of fasting is attacked even by Isaiah, in Isa. lviii.; but after the captivity it continued to increase, until it reached its culminating point in Pharisaism. How thoroughly different the persons speaking here are from the believing souls under temptation, who also appeal to their righteousness when calling upon God in their trouble, is especially clear from their further words in ver. 15. Because God does not reward their fasting with blessing and prosperity, they begin to call the proud sinners, who have happiness and success, blessed. ‘My is the particle of inference. The participle DWN has the force of a futurum instans (cf. Ewald, § 306, d), denoting what men prepare to do. Zedim, the fe salty or proud, are ihe heathen, as in Isa. xiii. 11, ane are called 7Ywn ‘YY in the following clause. The next two clauses are placed in a reciprocal relation to one another by gam... gam (cf. Ewald, § 359). The wicked are both built up, 4.¢. flourish (cf. Jer. xii. 16,17; Ex. i. 21), and also, notwithstanding the fact that they have tempted God, are delivered when they fall into misfortune. Ldchan Elohim, to prove or VOL. II. 2G test God, i.e. to call out His judgment through their wickedness.

With these foolish speeches the prophet proceeds in vers. 16 sqq. to contrast the conduct of those who fear God, pointing to the blessing which they derive from their piety. Ver. 16. “ Then those who feared Jehovah conversed with one another, and Jehovah attended and heard, and a book of remembrance was written before Him, for those who fear Jehovah and reverence His name. Ver. 17. And they will be to me as a possession, saith Jehovah of hosts, for the day that I create, and I will spare them as aman spareth his son that serveth him. Ver. 18. And ye will again perceive the difference between the righteous and the wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth Him not.” 8, then, indicates that the conversation of those who feared God had been occasioned by the words of the ungodly. The substance of this conversation is not described more minutely, but may be gathered from the context, namely, from the statement as to the attitude in which Jehovah stood towards them. We may see from this, that they strengthened themselves in their faith in Jehovah, as the holy God and just Judge who would in due time repay both the wicked and the righteous according to their deeds, ‘and thus presented a great contrast to the great mass with their blasphemous sayings. ‘This description of the conduct of the godly is an indirect admonition to the people, as to what their attitude towards God ought to be. What was done by those who feared Jehovah ought to be taken as a model by the whole nation which called Jehovah its God. Jehovah not only took notice of these conversations, but had them written in a book of remembrance, to reward them for them in due time. Writing in a book of remembrance recals to mind the custom of the Persians, of having the names of those who deserved well of the king entered in a book with a notice of their merits, that they might be rewarded for them at some future time (Esth. vi. 1); but it rests upon the much older idea, that the names and actions of the righteous are written in a book before God (cf. Ps. lvi. 9, Dan. vil. 10). This book was written PIDY, before Jehovah, z.e. not in His presence, but in order that it might lie notte Jehovah, and remind Him of the righteous and their deeds. 19 is a dat. com.: “for those who fens God,”

ae. for their good. OY 3¥N, to consider or value the name of the Lord (cf. Isa. xiii. 17, xxxiii. 8). This writing was done because the Lord would make them His own on the day of His coming, and show them mercy. Layyom: for the day = on the day; the /amed denoting the time, as in Isa. x. 8, Gen. xxi. 2, etc. The day which Jehovah makes is the day of the judgment which attends His coming. Sgulléh is the object, not to ‘dseh, as we might suppose according to the accents, but to haya: they will be my possession on the day which I create. This is evident partly from a comparison of ver. 21, where the words M¥’Y ‘328 IW OF recur, and partly from the erie passage in Ex. xix. 5: ye will be to me s‘gulldh, t.e. a valued possession (see the comm.). The righteous will then be a possession for Jehovah, because on that day the glory of the children of God will first be revealed, and the Israel of God will reach the mark of its heavenly calling (see Col. iii. 4). The Lord will spare them in the judgment as a father spares his son who serves him. The expression to spare may be explained from the contrast to the punishment of the ungodly. In ver. 18 the prophet bids the murmurers consider what has been said concerning the righteous, by telling them that they will then see the difference between the righteous who serve God, and the wicked who do not serve Him, that is to say, will learn that it is always profitable to serve God. Oh3Y before DMN" is to Pe taken adverbially: ye will see again. The expression ‘ ‘again” presupposes that the difference between those who feared God and the ungodly was to be seen before, and that the Lord had already made it manifest by former judgments. This had been the case in Egypt, where the Lord had caused such a separation to be made (Ex. xi. 7). The words do not imply that the persons addressed had previously stood in a different relation to this question from that in which they were standing then (Koehler). 283 does not mean to look in between (Hitzig), but 2 is used in the sense of a substantive, signifying that which is between the two, the difference between the two. That }'2 was originally a noun is evident from the dual nan in 1 Sam. xvu. 4, 23.

This admonition to the ungodly is explained in ch. iv. 1 sqq. by a picture of the separation which will be effected by the day of judgment. Ver. 1. “or behold the day cometh burning like a furnace, and all the proud and every doer of wickedness become stubble, and the coming day will burn them, saith Jehovah of hosts, so that it will not leave them root or branch. Ver. 2. But to you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise and healing in tts wings, and ye will go out and skip like stalled calves, Ver. 3. And will tread down the ungodly, for they will be ashes under the soles of your feet in the day that I create, saith Jehovah of hosts.” The day of judgment will be to the ungodly like a burning furnace. “ A fire burns more fiercely in a furnace than in the open air” (Hengstenberg). The ungodly will then resemble the stubble which the fire consumes (cf. Isa. v. 24, Zeph. i. 18, Ob. 18, etc.). OT and nywy ny point back to ver. 15. Those who are called blessed by the murmuring nation will be consumed by the fire, as stubble is burned up, and indeed all who do wickedness, and therefore the murmurers themselves. WS before ot). N? isa conjunction, guod; and the subject is not Jehovah, but the coming day. The figure “root and branch” is borrowed from a tree—the tree is the ungodly mass of the people (cf. Amos ii. 9)—and denotes total destruction, so that nothing will be left of them. To the righteous, on the other hand, the sun of righteousness will arise. Ts’ddqdh is an epexegetical genitive of apposition. By the sun of righteousness the fathers, from Justin downwards, and nearly all the earlier commentators understand Christ, who is supposed to be described as the rising sun, like Jehovah in Ps. Ixxxiv. 12 and Isa. lx. 19; and this view is founded upon a truth, viz. that the coming of Christ brings justice and salvation. But in the verse before us the context does not sustain the personal view, but simply the idea that righteousness itself is regarded asa sun. Ts‘ddqah, again, is not justification or the forgiveness of sins, as Luther and others suppose, for there will be no forgiving of sins on the day of judgment, but God will then give to every man reward or punishment according to his works. Ts°dégah is here, what it frequently is in Isaiah (e.g. Isa. xlv. 8, xlvi. 13, li. 5, etc.), righteousness in its consequences and effects, the sum and substance of salvation. Malachi uses ts‘dégah, righteousness, instead of YW, salvation, with an allusion to the fact, that the ungodly complained of the absence of the judgment and righteousness of God, that is to say, the righteousness which not only punishes the ungodly, but also rewards the good with happiness and salvation. The sun of righteousness has 8279, healing, in its wings. The wings of the sun are the rays by which it is surrounded, and not a figure denoting swiftness. As the rays of the sun spread light and warmth over the earth for the growth and maturity of the plants and living creatures, so will the sun of righteousness bring the healing of all hurts and wounds which the power of darkness has inflicted upon the righteous. Then will they go forth, sc. from the holes and caves, into which they had withdrawn during the night of suffering and where they had kept themselves concealed, and skip like stalled calves (cf. 1 Sam. xxviii. 24), which are driven from the stall to the pasture. On push, see at Hab. i. 8. And not only will those who fear God be liberated from all oppression, but they will also acquire power over the ungodly. They will tread down the wicked, who will then have become ashes, and lie like ashes upon the ground, having been completely destroyed by the fire of the judgment (cf. Isa. xxvi. 5, 6).

Vers. 4-6.—Concluding Admonition.—Ver. 4. Remember ye the law of Moses, my servant, which I commanded him upon Horeb for all Israel, statutes and rights." Ver. 5. Behold, I send you Elijah the prophet before the day of Jehovah comes, the great and terrible one. Ver. 6. And he will turn the heart of the fathers to the sons, and the heart of the sons to their fathers,

1 The LXX. have put ver. 4 at the end of the book, not to call attention to its great importance, but probably for the very same reason for which the Masora observes, at the close of our book, that in the ppns, ze. in the books of Isaiah, the twelve prophets, the Lamentations, and Kcclesiastes, the last verse but one of these books was to be repeated when they were read in the synagogue, namely, because the last verse had too harsh asound. The transposition is unsuitable, inasmuch as the promise in vers. 5 and 6 does not fit on to the idea expressed in vers. 2 and 3, but only to that in ver. 4. According to the Masora, the } in 37>} should be written as litera majusc., although in many codd. it has the usual form; and this also is not to show the great importance of the verse, since these Masoretic indications have generally a different meaning, but in all probability it is simply to indicate that this is the only passage in the book of the twelve prophets in which the word is pronounced 3} (cf. §137 in Hos. xii. 6, xiv. 8), whereas in the other books, with the exception of Job xviii. 17, this is the only pronunciation that is met with.

that I may not come and smite the land with the curse” (mit dem Banne, with the ban). The admonition, “Remember ye the law of Moses,” forms the conclusion not only of the last section (ch. iii. 13-iv. 3), but of the whole of the book of Malachi, and cannot be connected with ver. 3 in the sense of “ Remember what Moses has written in the law concerning Christ, or concerning the judgment,” as Theod. Mops. and others maintain; nor must it be restricted to the time previous to the coming of the Messiah by the interpolation of interim (v. Til and Mich.). It is rather a perfectly general admonition to lay to heart and observe the law. For this is referred to here, “not according to its casual and transient form, but according to its real essence as expressing the holiness of God, just as in Matt. v. 17” (Hengstenberg). Malachi thus closes by showing to the people what it is their duty to do, if on the day of judgment they would escape the curse with which transgressors are threatened in the law, and participate in the salvation so generally desired, and promised to those who fear God. By the expression “ my servant,” the law is traced back to God as its author. At the giving of the law, Moses was only the servant of Jehovah. inix ‘MMY WY is not to be rendered “whom (inis Ws) I charged with statutes and rights to all Israel” (Ewald, Bunsen), ae we do not expect any further explanation of the relation in which Moses stood to the law, but “which I commanded him upon (to) all Israel.” Tsivvdh is construed with a double accusative, and also with by governing the person to whom the command refers, as in Ezra viii. 17, 2 Sam. xiv. 8, Esther iv. 5. The words chugqgim amishpdtim are an epexegetical definition belonging to Wx: “which I commanded as statutes and rights,’ ¢.e. consisting of these; and they recal to mind Deut. iv. 1 and viii. 14, where Moses urges upon the people the observance of the law, and also mentions /oreb as the place where the law was given. The whole of the admonition forms an antithesis to the rebuke in ver. 7, that from the days of their fathers they went away from the ordinances of Jehovah. These they are to be mindful to observe, that the Lord when He comes may not smite the land with the ban. In order to avert this curse from Israel, the Lord would send the prophet Elijah before His coming, for the purpose of promoting a change of heart in the nation.

The identity of the prophet Elijah with the messenger mentioned in ver. 1, whom the Lord would send before Him, is universally acknowledged. But there is a difference of opinion as to the question, who is the Elijah mentioned here? The notion was a very ancient one, and one very widely spread among the rabbins and fathers, that the prophet Elijah, who was caught up to heaven, would reappear (compare the history of the exposition of our verse in Hengstenberg’s Christology, vol. iv. p. 217 translation). The LXX. thought of him, and rendered 8230 moss by ’HXiav tov OcecBirnv; so also did Sirach (xlviii. 10) and the Jews in the time of Christ (John i. 21; Matt. xvii. 10); and so have Hitzig, Maurer, and Ewald in the most recent times. But this view is proved to be erroneous by such passages as Hos. ii. 5, Ezek. xxxiv. 23, xxxvil. 24, and Jer. xxx. 9, where the sending of David the king as the true shepherd of Israel is promised. Just as in these passages we cannot think of the return or resurrection of the David who had long been dead; but a king is meant who will reign over the nation of God in the mind and spirit of David; so the Elijah to be sent can only be a prophet with the spirit or power of Elijah the Tishbite. The second David was indeed to spring from the family of David, because to the seed of David there had been promised the eternal possession of the throne. The prophetic calling, on the other hand, was not hereditary in the prophet’s house, but rested solely upon divine choice and endowment with the Spirit of God; and consequently by Elijah we are not to understand a lineal descendant of the Tishbite, but simply a prophet in whom the spirit and power of Elijah are revived, as Ephr. Syr., Luther, Calvin, and most of the Protestant commentators have maintained. But the reason why this prophet Elijah is named is to be sought for, not merely in the fact that Elijah was called to his work as a reformer in Israel at a period which was destitute of faith and of the true fear of Jehovah, and which immediately preceded a terrible judgment (Koehler), but also and more especially in the power and energy with which Elijah rose up to lead back the ungodly generation of his own time to the God of the fathers. The one does not exclude but rather includes the other. The greater the apostasy, the greater must be the power which is to stem it, so as to rescue those who suffer themselves to be rescued, before the judgment bursts over such as are hardened. For ver. 5b, compare Joel ii. 4. This Elijah, according to ver. 6, is to lead back the heart of the fathers to the sons, and the heart of the sons to their fathers. The meaning of this is not that he will settle disputes in families, or restore peace between parents and children; for the leading sin of the nation at the time of our prophet was not family quarrels, but estrangement from God. The fathers are rather the ancestors of the Israelitish nation, the patriarchs, and generally the pious forefathers, such as David and the godly men of his time. The sons or children are the degenerate descendants of Malachi’s own time and the succeeding ages. “The hearts of the godly fathers and the ungodly sons are estranged from one another. The bond of union, viz. common love to God, is wanting. The fathers are ashamed of their children, the children of their fathers” (Hengstenberg). This chasm between them Elijah is to fill up. Turning the heart of the fathers to the sons does not mean merely directing the love of the fathers to the sons once more, but also restoring the heart of the fathers in the sons, or giving to the sons the fathers’ disposition and affections. Then will the heart of the sons also return to their fathers, turn itself towards them, so that they will be like-minded with the pious fathers. Elijah will thereby prepare the way of the Lord to His people, that at His coming He may not smite the land with the ban. The ban involves extermination. Whoever and whatever was laid under the ban was destroyed (cf. Lev. xxvii. 28, 29; Deut. xiii. 16,17; and my Bibl. Archdol. 1. § 70). This threat recals to mind the fate of the Canaanites who were smitten with the ban (Deut. xx. 17, 18). If Israel resembles the Canaanites in character, it will also necessarily share the fate of that people (cf. Deut. xii. 29).

The New Testament gives us a sufficient explanation of the historical allusion or fulaiment of our prophecy. The prophet Elijah, whom the Lord would send before His own coming, was sent in the person of John the Baptist. Even before his birth he was announced to his father by the angel Gabriel as the promised Elijah, by the declaration that he would turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord their God, and go before Him in the spirit and power of Elijah to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the unbelieving to the wisdom of the just (Luke i. 16,17). This address of the angel gives at the same time an authentic explanation of vers. 5 and 6 of our prophecy: the words “and the heart of the children to their fathers” being omitted, as implied in the turning of the heart of the fathers to the sons, and the explanatory words “and the unbelieving to the wisdom of the just” being introduced in their place; and the whole of the work of John, who was to go before the Lord in the spirit and power of Elijah, being described as “making ready a prepared people for the Lord.” The appearance and ministry of John the Baptist answered to this announcement of the angel, and is so described in Matt. ili. 1-12, Mark i. 2-8, Luke iii. 2-18, that the allusion to our prophecy and the original passage (Isa. xl. 3) is obvious at once. Even by his outward appearance and his dress John announced himself as the promised prophet Elijah, who by the preaching of repentance and baptism was preparing the way for the Lord, who would come after him with the winnowing shovel to winnow His floor, and gather the wheat into His granary, but who would burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. Christ Himself also not only assured the people (in Matt. xi. 10 sqq., Luke vii. 27 sqq.) that John was the messenger announced by Malachi and the Elijah who was to come, but also told His disciples (Matt. xvii. 11 sqq.; Mark ix. 11 sqq.) that Elijah, who was to come first and restore all things, had already come, though the people had not acknowledged him. And even Johni. 21 is not at variance with these statements. When the messengers of the Sanhedrim came to John the Baptist to ask whether he was Elias, and he answered, “T am not,” he simply gave a negative reply to their question, interpreted in the sense of a personal reappearance of Elijah the Tishbite, which was the sense in which they meant it, but he also declared himself to be the promised forerunner of the Lord by applying to his own labours the prophecy contained im Esa, x13.