Expository Thoughts on the Gospels

12. — [Then the hand and the captain, etc.] This verse begins tlie story of our Lord when He was actually in the hands of His deadly enemies. For the first time in His earthly ministry we see Him not a free agent, but submitting to be a passive sufferer, and allowing His foes to work their will. Tht Hst miracle had been wrought in vain. Like a malefactor He Is seized and put in chains.

The " captain " must mean the Roman officer who commanded the " band," cohort, or detachment, which was sent to apprehend our Lord. The " officers " must mean the civil servants of the priests who accompanied them. The " binding " must mean the putting of chains or handcuffs on our Lord's arms and wrists.

13. — [And led Him aicay to Annas, etc,] This is a fact which is mentioned by no Gospel-writer except John. The explanation of it is probably something of this kind. In the time when our Lord Jesus was on earth, the office of the high priest among the Jews was filled up with the utmost disorder and irregularity. Instead of the high priest being high priest for life, he was often elected for a year or two, and then deposed, and his office given to another. There were often living- at one time several priests who had served the office of high priest, and then ceased to hold it, like sheriffs or mayors among ourselves. In the case before us Annas appears, after ceasing to be high priest himself, to have lived in the same palace with his son-inlaw Caiaphas, and to have assisted him as an assessor and adviser in the discharge of his duties, which from his age and official experience he would be well qualified to do. Remembering this, we may understand our Lord being " led away to Annas first," and then passed on by him to Caiaphas. So intimate were the relations between the two, that in Luke iii. 2 we are told that " Annas and Caiaphas were high priests." In Acts iv. 6, Annas is called " the high priest." Yet it is very certain that Caiaphas was the acting high priest the year that our Lord was crucified. John distinctly asserts it.

The gross inconsistency of the Jews in making such ado about the law of Moses, while they permitted and tolerated such entire departures from its regulations about the high priest's office, is a curious example of what blindness unconverted men may exhibit. As to there being two high priests at the same time, we must in fairness remember that even in holy David's time " Zadok and Abiathar were the priests." (3 Sam. XX. 25.) The gross irregularity in our Lord's time consisted in making the high priest's office an annual one.

Tlie object of tlie Jews in bringing our Lord before the liigb priest and in the Sanhedrim first, is very plain. They wished to convict him of heresy and blasphemy, and then after that to denounce him to the Romans.

Augustine thinks that Caiaphas arranged that our Lord should be taken to Annas first, because he was his father-inlaw. He also thinks that these two held the office of high priest, each in his turn, year by year. Calvin thinks that our Lord was only taken to Annas first, because his house \iappened to be convenient, till the high priest and council assembled Cyril and Musculus think that Annas was the conti ver and designer of all done against Christ.

Cyril here interposes the verse which in most Bibles cornea in as twenty-fourth: " Annas at once sent Him bound to Caiaphas the high priest," Luther, Flacius, and Beza, incline to approve of this. But it is fair to say that there is great lack of authority for this change.

Many commentators think that Jesus was taken to Annas first, by way of exhibiting to that old " enemy of all righteousness "the triumphant success of the attempt to capture the prisoner, whom the Sanhedrim had agreed to slay. They think that he was just shown to Annas, and then passed on to Caiaphas. But I cannot think this probable. I hold, with Alford and Ellicott, that our Lord was examined by Annas.

Cornelius a'Lapide suggests that Annas was very likely the person with whom Judas bargained to betray our Lord for money; and that when the capture was effected, Judas brought the prisoner to the house of Annas, and remained there to claim his price, after Annas had seen Him. He observes with some acuteness that Judas does not appear after this in the history of the examination of our Lord.

Lightfoot quotes a Jewish writer, who says that " in the second temple, which only stood four hundred and twenty years, there were in that time more than three hundred high priests! "

Henry remarks, " It was the ruin of Caiaphas that he was high priest that year, and so became a ringleader in putting Christ to death. Many a man's advancement has lost him hia reputation; and he would not have been dishonored if he had not been preferred and promoted."

14. — [Now Caiaphas was he, etc.] This verse contains one of John's peculiar explanatory comments, and as such comes in parenthetically. It is as though he said, " Let us not forget that this was the very Caiaphas, who after the raising of Lazarus, had said publicly that it was expedient that one mau should die for the people. Behold how he is made the unconscious instrument of bringing that saying to pass, though in a widely different sense from that which he intended 1 " Calvin compares him to Balaam.

Let us note how tlie great wicked men of this world — the Sennacheribs and Neros, and bloody Marys, and Napoleons — are used by God as His saws and axes and liammers to do His work and carry out the Building of His Church, though they are not themselves in the least aware of it. Indeed Caiaphaa helps forward the one great sacrifice for the sins of the world 1

]5. — [And Simon Peter followed Jesus.] The first flight and running away of the disciples is passed over entirely by John. He simply mentions that Peter followed his Master, though at a distance, lovingly anxious to see what was done to Him, yet not bold enough to keep near Him like a disciple. Any one can see that the unhappy disciple was under the influence of very mixed feelings. Love made him ashamed to run awav and hide himself. Cowardice made him afraid to show his co» ors, and stick by his Lord's side. Hence he chose a middk course, the worst, as it happened, that he could have followed After being self-confident when he should have been humble, and sleeping when he ought to have been praying, he could not have done a more foolish thing than to flutter round the fire, and place himself within reach of temptation. It teaches the foolishness of man when his grace is weak. No prayer is more useful than the familiar one: " Lead us not into temptation " Peter forgot it here.

[And so did another disciple.] This would be more literally rendered. " the other disciple." The opinion of many commentators is, that this disciple was John. Precisely the same expression is used in four successive verses (John xx, 3, 3, 4, and 8), where John is clearly referred to. This is the view of Chrysostom, Cyril, Alford, Wordsworth, and Burgon.

Chrysostora and Cyril observe that it was John's humility that made him conceal his name both here and elsewhere. Here he would not proclaim that he stood while Peter fell. Ferus suggests that the presence of a disciple is mentioned in order to show that John saw with his own eyes all that went on at our Lord's examination.

[That disciple.... knoicn... priest.] How and in what mannei this acquaintance originated we are not told, nor is there anj clue to a knowledge of it. On the face of things it certainly seems strange that a humble Galilean fisherman, like John, should be personally known to Caiaphas! On the other hand we must not forget that every devout Jew went up to Jerusalem at the three great feasts; and on these occasions might easily have become acquainted with the high priest; and the more likely to get acquainted, if a conscientious and godly man. Moreover we must remember that John was once a disciple of John the Baptist, and that there was a time when " Jerusalem and all Judca " attended on John's ministry. Acquaintance miglit have been formed then. Some have thought that John's calling as a fisherman might easily bring him int« communication witli the family of Caiaplias, wlien le visited Jerusalem on business. All these, it must be confessed, are only conjectures; and it is perhaps the safest to admit our ignorance. Enough for us to read that the high priest knew John; but why and how we cannot tell.

Hengstenberg suggests an explanation, which is so singular that 1 think it best to give it in his own words: " The charac-

ter of John leads to the obvious supposition that his acquaintance with the high priest rested on religious grounds. Searching for goodly pearls, John had earlier sought from the liigh priest what, after the intervening ministry of the Baptist, he found in Christ. With what eyes he had formerly regarded the position of high priest, is shown by the fact that though a disciple of Christ, he nevertheless assigned to the word of the high priest a prophetic significance. (John xi. 51.) John, by his internally devout nature, had so attracted the good will of the high priest, that he did not wholly cast liim off even after he had gone over to the true High Priest. Nor had John entirely abandoned Caiaphas. Real love cannot be so easily rooted from the heart; and it is characteristic of John to retain a pious regard to earlier relations. In the love which hopeth all things, he might hope yet to win the hi xh priest to Christ."

I make no comment on this extraordinary suggestion. I cannot see the slightest warrant for it; but others, perhaps, who like the Athenians love new things, may see more in it than I can.

After all, it is only fair to remember that. Augustine, Gerhard, Calovius, Lightfoot, Lampe, and many others, think it quite uncertain who this disciple, " known to the high priest," was. Grotius and Poole think it may have been the master oi the house where Jesus had the Lord's Supper. Toletus thinks it was one of those to whom the garden belonged. Bengel thinks it was Nicodemus. One German commentator suggests tliat it was Judas Iscariot. Calvin thinks it most improbable that a proud high priest would have known so mean a person as a fisherman. Yet, singularly enough, Gualter and others lean strongly to the theory that John's business as a fisherman Tuay have made liim acquainted with the high priest. It certainly is rather remarkable that when John was brought before Annas and Caiaphas shortly after, they do not appear to have known much of him, except that he was unlearned and ignorant, and had been with Jesus. (Acts iii. 13.) The question, " who it was," is one which will probably never be settled.

[And went in with Jesus...palace...priest.] This sentence would seem to indicate that John went together with our Lord, either by His side, or in the crowd around Him, from the garden where He was taken, to the house of Annas and Caiaphas. VVf can hardly doubt that at first he fled, when we read, "All ^ors.>ok Him and fled '' but we must suppose that he soon turned back, and mixed with the multitude escorting our Lord, which he might easily do by night, and amidst the confusion of the whole event.

It is noteworthy that some think the houses of Caiaphas and Annas were adjacent, and that " the hall" was common to both of them. I am strongly disposed to think that this is a correct view, and a remembrance of it may help us over several difficulties in the narrative of the four evangelists when compared.

16. — [But Peter stood...door without!] This seems to indicate that at first Peter stood outside the door of the palace, not daring to go in. It is a little detail in the story of his fall which the three other Gospel-writers omit to mention. Again we see in him the mixture of good and bad feelings, cowardice and love contending for the mastery. Happy would it have been for him if he had stayed outside the door!

Rollock remarks that when Peter found the door shut, he ought not to have stood there, but gone away. " It was by God's providence the door was shut. He got a warning then to leave ofl', but would not. These impediments, cast in our way when we purpose to do a thing, should not be idly looked at but should make us carefully try the deed, whether it be law ful."

[Then went out that otlier...hrought in Peter.] Here we sei how Peter got inside the palace. It was through the mistaken, though well-meant, kindness of John. He must have seen through the door, when it occasionally opened, the well-known figure of his brother disciple, and with the best intentions got him admission. It is plain that John must have been well known to the household of the high priest, or else we should not be told that he had only to speak to the door-keeper, to get admission for Peter.

Let us mark what mistakes even the best believers make in dealing with their brethren. John thought it would be a kind and useful thing to bring Peter into the high priest's house. He was perfectly mistaken, and was unintentionally one link in the chain of causes which led to his fall. People may harm each other with the best intentions.

Quesnel remarks, " Men sometimes imagine they do a considerable piece of service to their friends who are clergymen, by introducing them to the great; and thereby they undesignedly expose them to sin and eternal damnation."

17 — [Then saith... damsel...door...Peter.] Those who are best acquainted with Jewish customs say that it was a common practice to employ women as door-keepers. Thus a damsel named Rlioda went to the gate, when Peter knocked at the door of Mary's house in Jerusalem, after hia miraculous escape from pri»:)n. (Acts xii. 13.) It is the same in large houses in Paria to this very day.

[Art not thou...l am not.] This was the first trial of Peter's faith and courage. A woman asks him a simple question. There is nothing to show that she does it in a threatening manner, as if she desires to harm him. But at once the Apostle's courage breaks down. He answers with a direct lie: " I am not." — How little we know our own hearts! Twelve hours before Peter would have told us this lie was impossible. " Is Thy servant a dog that he should do this thing? " — Why this door-keeper shoiild have asked the question we know not. Perhaps Peter's dress and appearance, like a Galilean fisherman of the very same stamp and style as John, made her guess that, like John, he was a disciple. — Perhaps Peter's manner and demeanor made her guess it. There may have been agitation, anxiety, fear in the apostle's countenance. — Perhaps the woman may have seen him in Jerusalem in company with Jesus.— Perhaps the mere fact that John knew him, and asked her to admit him, made her assume that he was a friend of John, and like John a disciple of Christ. — Perhaps the Galileans were marked men, not often seen in high priests' houses, and known to be specially favorable to the cause of Jesus of Nazareth. — Any one of these solutions, or all, may be correct. In any case the woman only asked a simple question, and perhaps from no other motive than curiosity, and at once the great apostle falls into sin. How weak we are, when left to reap the consequence of self-confidence, and laziness, and neglect of prayer. Even an apostle, we see, could tell a cowardly lie.

Chrysostom observes, " What sayest thou, Peter? Didst not thou declare but now, ' I will lay down my life for Thee '? What hath happened then that thou canst not endure the questioning of a door-keeper? Is it a soldier who questions thee? Is it one of those who seized Him? No; it is a mean and abject door-keeper. Nor is the questioning of a rough kind. She eaith not. Art thou a disciple of that cheat and corrupter, — but of that man; which was the expression rather of pitying and relenting. But Peter could not bear any of these words. The expression * Art not thou also,' is used because John was already within."

Augustine remarks, " Behold that most firm pillar of the Church, touched but by one breath of danger, trembles all over. Where is now that boldness of promising, — that confident vaunting of himself? "

Brentius remarks how the impulsive, unstable character of the apostle Peter comes out here. One hour he draws his Bword against a whole multitude of armed men. Another hour he is frightened out of his Christian profession, and driven into lying by one woman.

18. — [And...servants...officers...stood there.] Tliis seems to indicate that when Peter entered, the hall, he found the common servants, and the higher attendants of the high priest, standing round a fire. It is the pluperfect tense, " they had stood," or " had been standing there " some little time.

[ Who had made... fire...coals...cold...them8elves.] It is remarked by all travellers in Palestine, that the nights in that country about Easter time, are often so extremely cold that a fire is very acceptable. The servants and officers were in the act of warming themselves when Peter entered.

It is worth notice that the Greek word rendered " a fire of coals " is only used here and at John xxi. 9, in the marvellous account of Jesus appearing to the disciples at the sea of Galilee. Some have thought that tlie " fire of coals" on that latter occasion was purposely intended by our Lord to remind Peter of his fall.

[And Peter stood with them...himself.'] — The Greek words here would be more literally rendered "and there was among them Peter, standing and warming himself." The tense is imperfect, and conveys the idea of continuous action for a little time. The apostle stood among the crowd of his Master's enemies, and warmed himself like one of them, as if he had nothing to think of but his bodily comfort; while his beloved Master stood in a distant part of the hall, cold, and a prisoner. Who can doubt that Peter, in his miserable cowardice, wished to appear one of the party who hated his Master, and thought to conceal his real cliaracter by doing as they did? And who can doubt that while he warmed his hands he felt cold, wretched, and comfortless in his own soul? " The backslider in heart is filled with his own ways."

How many do as others do, and go with the crowd, while they know inwardly they are wrong!

Cyril suggests that Peter wished to conceal his disciplesliip by warming himself, and trying to look comfortable among tho high priest's servants.

19, — [The high jyricst... asked... disciples... doctrine.] This verse describes the first judicial examination that our Lord underwent. He was questioned concerning " His disciples," — that is, who they were, how many, what position they occupied, and what were their names. And concerning " His doctrine," — that is, what were the principal points or truths of His creed, what were the peculiar things He called on man to believe. The object of this preliminary inquiry seems manifest. It was meant to elicit some admission from our Lord's mouth, on which some formal charge of heresy and blasphemy before the San hedrim might be founded. There are two grave difficulties growing out of this verse, both of which require consideration.

jaentators think it was Caiaplias. He alone is called by John " tlie higli priest," that same year in which Jesus was crucified. Some few think it was "Annas," because Jolm says Jesus was brought to him. (Ver. 13.) This at first sight seems the plain meaning of the narrative, and is confirmed by verse 24. Yet this theory is open to the serious objection, tliat it makes John call Annas the high priest, and that it makes John omit altogether our Lord's examination before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrim. Yot notwithstanding all these difficulties, I own to the opinion that this is the true view of the history. Augustine, Chrysostom, Casaubon, Ferus, Besser, Stier, Alford, and Ellicott maintain this view, but most of the commentators do not. We must remember that "Annas " is distinctly called " the High Priest " in Acts iv. 6, and this probably before the year of the crucifixion had completely run out. Even in David's time Zadok and Ahimelech are called " the priests " (2 Sam. viii. 17), as if both were high priests.

(&) What was the examination recorded in this verse? It seems to be one entirely passed over by Matthew, Mark, and Luke. They only record what took place before Caiaphas, which, on the other hand, is a part of the history passed over by John. It seems a kind of preliminary inquiry, intended to prepare the case for the Sanhedrim. In spite, therefore of the common opinion, I decidedly hold the theory, thai the examination here related is only described by John. It seems moreover to have been an examination conducted by Annas only, and quite of a separate character from that which took place at " day-break " before tlie whole Sanhedrim. This at any rate seems to my mind by far the most reasonable account of the passage, and the difficalties in the way of any other interpretation appear to me insuperable.

Ellicott remarks, " It only requires the simple and reasonable supposition that Annas and Caiaphas occupied one common official residence, to unite their testimony, and to remove many of the difficulties with which this portion of the sacred narrative is specially marked. Be this as it may, we can scarcely doubt, from the clear statement in St. John's Gospel, that a preliminary examination of an inquisitorial nature, in which our Lord was questioned, perhaps conversationally, about His followers and His teaching, and which the brutal conduct of one attendant present seems to show was private and informal, took place in the palace of Annas. There, too, it would seem, we must place the three denials of St. Peter."

20. — [Jesus answered 1dm, e^c] This verse contains a calm, dignified statement from our Lord, of the general course of His ministry. He had done nothing in a clandestine or underhand way. He had always spoken openly " to the world," and not confined His teaching to any one class. He had always taught publicly in synagogues, and in the temple where the Jews re- sorted. He had said nothing privately and secretly, as if He had any cause to be ashamed of it.

The verse is mainly remarkable for the strong light it throws on our Lord's habit of teaching throughout the three years of His ministry. It shows that He was eminently a public teacher, — kept back no part of His message from any class of the population,— and proclaimed it with equal boldness in every place. There was nothing whatever of reserve about His Gospel. This is His own account, and we therefore know that it is correct. " I have spoken in the most public manner, and taught in the most public places, and done nothing in a corner."

Calvin remarks, " When Jesus says that He spoke nothing in secret, this refers to the substance of His doctrine, which- was always the same, though the form of teaching it was various."

We should observe that our Lord did not refuse to use the synagogue and the temple on account of the corruption of the Jewish Church! Four times we read in St. John of our Lord being at Jerusalem at the feasts (John ii. 13, v. l,vii. 14, x. 22), and each time speaking in the temple.

21. — [Why askest thou Me, etc.] This verse is a remonstrance against the gross injustice of Annas's line of examination. Our Lord appeals to him whether it is reasonable, and just, and fair to call upon a prisoner to criminate himself, and to supply evidence which may be used against himself. " Why dost thou, the judge, ask information of Me, the prisoner, about my disciples and my doctrine? Ask rather of those who have heard Me teach and preach, what I have said to them. These know well, and can tell you what things Ihave said."

Cyril thinks there may be a reference here to those servants of the priest, who were sent on a former occasion to take Jesus, and returned, saying, " Never man spake like this Man." (John vii. 46.)

The boldness and dignity of our Lord's reply to Annas in this verse are very noteworthy. They are an example to all Christians of the courageous and unflinching tone which an innocent defendant may j ustly adopt before the bar of an unrighteous judge. " The righteous is bold as a lion."

The wide difference between the language of our Lord here, and that which He uses before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrim, as recorded in Matthew, Mark, and Luke, is very remarkable. It affords strong additional evidence that we are reading an account of an examination of a more private kind before Annas, quite distinct from that which took place before Caiaphas. The careful reader of the other three Gospels cannot fail to observe that not a word of all this is recorded in them.

Bengel and Stier tliink that the expression, " these," points to the people there in the court, hearing and standing by.

23. — [And when Re had thus spohen, etc.'] This verse mentions an event which John alone has recorded. One of the attendants standing by rudely interrupts our Lord by striking Him, and coarsely taxing Him with impertinence and disrespect in so speaking, as He had spoken to the high priest.

The Greek words literally rendered, mean " gave a blow on the face;" but whether with the palm of the hand, or with a stick, cannot be determined. The marginal reading renders it quite uncertain. Some see in the action a fulfilment of the prophecy, " They shall smite the judge of Israel with a rod upon the cheek." (Micah v. 1.)

Stier remarks that this was the first blow which the holy body of Jesus received from the hands of sinners.

We may learn from this circumstance what a low, degraded, and disorderly condition the Jewish courts of Ecclesiastical law must have been in at this period, when such a thing as publicly striking a prisoner could take place, and when violence could be shown to a prisoner in a full court of justice for answering boldly for himself. It supplies strong evidence of the miserably fallen state of the whole Jewish nation, when such an act could be done under the very eyes of a judge. Nothing is a surer index of the real condition of a nation than the conduct of its courts of justice, and its just or unjust treatment of prisoners. The sceptre had clearly fallen from Judah, and rottenness was at the core of the nation, when the thing mentioned in this verse could happen. Our Lord's assailant evidently held that a prisoner must never reply to his judge, however unjust or corrupt the judge might be.

Theophylact suggests that the man who struck our Lord waa one who had heard our Lord preach, and was now anxious to free himself from the suspicion of being one of His friends.

There is a striking resemblance between the treatment our Lord received here, and the treatment which Latimer, Ridley, Rogers, and other English martyrs, received at their examination before the Popish bishops.

23. — [Jesus answered Mm, etc.] Our Lord's reply to him who smote is a calm and dignified reproof. " If I have spoken wickedly, bear witness in a just and orderly way becoming a court of law; but do not strike Me. If on the contrary I have spoken well, what reasonable cause canst thou allege for striking Me either here or out of court? "

Let us note that our Lord's conduct at this point teaches that His maxim, " If any one smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also" (Matt. v. 39), is a maxim which must be taken with reserve, and is not of unlimited application. There may be times wlien, in defence of truth and for tlie honor of justice, a Christian must firmly protest against violence, and publicly refuse to countenance it by tame submission.

Augustine observes, " Our Lord here showed that His^reat precepts of patience are to be put in practice, not by outward show of the body, but by preparedness of heart. Visibly to present the other cheek is no more than an angry man can do. How much better then that with mild answer he speak the truth, and with tranquil mind endure worse outrages."

24. — [JS'ow Annas had sent Rim...CaiapJias... priest] This verse undoubtedly contains a difficulty. Most commentators seem to think that it states a fact which ought to come in after the thirteenth verse; and that the questioning and smiting of the last four verses took place before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrim, and not before Annas. Some think that up to this point John only describes what took place before Annas; and that he entirely passes over all that took place before Caiaphas, as bein^ well known to his readers. The question is undoubtedly rather a puzzling one, and there is much to be said on both sides.

On the one hand, it seems curious that the examination of our Lord before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrim should be so completely omitted by John in his Gospel, as it must be, if we take the high priest of the nineteenth verse to be Annas.

On the other hand, we cannot see why John should so carefully mention our Lord being " led to Annas first," if after all Annas did not examine Him at all, and sent Him at once to Caiaphas.

If I must give an opinion, I must say that I agree with Stier, Ellicott, and Alford, and consider that this twenty-fourth verse describes our Lord's first appearance before Caiaphas, — that for some wise reason John entirely omits, and silently passes over, our Lord's examination before the Sanhedrim, — and that the examination of the nineteenth and four following verses was a kind of private, preliminary examination before Annas, which •Matthew, Mark, and Luke entirely omit. My grounds for this conclusion are as follows: —

(a) The whole tone of John's narrative would make any ordinary readerosuppose that Annas, and not Caiaphas, was the examiner and high priest of the nineteenth verse. The story reads straight on upon this theory; while upon the other it io most awkward and seemingly contradictory, and the twentyfourth verse seems to come in at the wrong place.

(&) The tone of the high priest's examination in John, is entirely dilferent from that of the other three Gospels, and so also are our Lord's answers.

(c) There is nothing uncommon in John omitting something which is fully recorded in tlie other three Gospels. The institution of the Lord's Supper is an example. His Gospel was eminently supplementary. Writing later than the others, he was specially inspired to dwell at great length on the examination of Jesus before Pilate the Gentile ruler, and to say comparatively little about the proceedings in the Jewish courts.

(d) Last, but not least, the Greek of the twenty-fourth verse cannot fairly and honestly bear the same sense which our translators have put upon it. They have really strained the words to make the sense square with tlieir evident interpretation. The word " sent " is not a pluperfect at all in the Greek 1 The verse literally translated is, '* Annas sent Him bound to Caiaphas the high priest." It is rather " did then send Him," than "now had sent Him." The natural sense that any ordinary reader would put on it is, that " Annas having asked our Lord about His disciples and His doctrine, and having found by His reply that he could make nothing of Him, did then send Him bound to Caiaphas." As to what then took place before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrim John tells us nothing, and leaves us to learn it from Matthew, Mark, and Luke.

Such are my reasons for the view which I adopt. If the reader does not think them valid, he must regard the twentyfourth verse as one of Jolm's parenthetical explanations or comments, and carry the true place of the fact mentioned backwards to verse thirteenth; and must suppose that the examination of our Lord in the nineteenth and four following verses is the examination before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrim, and only another part of what Matthew, Mark, and Luke describe! — Not least, he must suppose that " did send " in the twentyfourth verse, means " had sent " some time before!

Chrysostom says, " Annas questioned Jesus about His doctrine; and having heard Him, sent Him to Caiaphas; and he having in his turn questioned Him, and discovered nothing, sent Him to Pilate."

25. — [And Simon Peter...warmed himself.] This would be more literally rendered, " was standing and warming himself." The expression seems to indicate, that all the time during which Annas was questioning and examining our Lord, Peter was standing by the fire in another part of the hall, and warming himself comfortably among the enemies of our liOrd, like one of them. May not the light of the fire, as it burned up, have made Peter's face and appearance more easily recognizable?

[They said...art not thou... disciple?] Here comes Peter's second trial. After a time, when the fire had burned up, and men could see better and felt more warm, they looked at Peter standing among them, and recognizing either by his dress and talk that he was a Galilean, or suspecting by his anxious manner that he was a friend of our Lord, they asked him plainly, " Art tliou not one of this prisoner's disciples? " We see wliat trials people bring on themselves by going where they ought not.

{He denied it...lam not.] A second time we find the unhappy Apostle telling a lie, and this time it is added emphatically, "he denied it." The further a backslider goes, the worse he becomes. The first time he seems to have said quietly, " I am not." The second time he flatly "denies." Even an apostle can fall into being a liar!

Bloomfield suggests that Peter heard our Lord's examination, and was terrified at hearing inquiry made about His disciples. This, he supposes, hastened his fall.

26. — [Ofie of the servants, etc., etc.] Here comes Peter's last trial. Attention seems to have been roused by his strong denial, and eyes were fixed on him. And the one who had seen him in the garden, and marked him as a forward man among the disciples by his using the sword, presses home the painful question, " Did not I see thee? "

27. — [Peter then denied again.] This denial we know from the other Gospels, was more loud and emphatic than any, and was made with cursing and swearing! The further a man falls, the heavier his fall.

Calvin remarks on the course of a backslider, " At first the

fault will not be very great; next, it becomes habitual; and at last, after the conscience has been laid asleep, he who Ijas accustomed himself to despise God will think nothing unlawful, but will dare to commit the greatest wickedness."

Henry remarks, " The sin of lying is a fruitful sin, and therefore exceeding sinful. One sin needs another to support it, and tliat needs another."

[And immediately the cock crew.] There was nothing uncommon in this, of course. Every one knows that cocks crow at night. But the bird's familiar crow no doubt sounded in Peter's ear like a clap of thunder, because it awoke him to a sense of his sin and his fall.

It will be noted that for wise reasons John says nothing about Peter's weeping, or about our Lord turning and looking at him, or about Peter going out. He seems to have left the hall when the cock crew, without any attempt being made to detain him. This too may have been the overruling work of his gracious Master.

As long as the world stands, Peter's fall will be an instructive example of what even a great saint may come to if he neglects to work and pray, — of the mercy of Christ in restoring such a backslider, — and of the honesty of the Gospel writers in recording such a history.

28 Then led they Jesus from Caiaphus unto the hall of judgment: and it was early; and they themselves went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled; but that they might eat the passover.

29 Pilate then went out unto them, and said. What accusation bring ye againat this man?

30 They answered and said unto him, If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto thee.

31 Then said Pilate unto them, Take ye him, and judge him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death:

32 That the saying of Jesus might be fulfilled, which he spake, signifying what death he should die.

33 Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews?

34 Jesus answered him, Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it thee of me?

Thine own nation and the chief priests have delivered thee unto me; what hast thou done?

36 Jesus answered^ My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.

37 Pilate therefore saith unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice.

38 Pilate saith unto him. What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all.

39 But ye have a custom, that I should release unto you one at the passover: will ye therefore that I release unto you the King of the Jews?

40 Then cried they all ag£un, saying. Not this man, but Barabbas. Now Barabbas was a robber.

The verses v^e have now read contain four striking points, which are only found in St. John's narrative of Christ's passion. We need not doubt that there were good reasons why Matthew, Mark, and Luke were not inspired to record them. But they are points of such deep' interest, that we should feel thankful that they have been brought forward by St. John.

The first point that we should notice is the false conscientiousness of our LordPs wicked enemies. We are told that the Jews who brought Christ before Pilate would not go into " the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled; but that they might eat the passover."

That was scrupulosity indeed! These hardened men •were actually engaged in doing the wickedest act that mortal man ever did. They wanted to kill their own Messiah. And yet at this very time they talked of being " defiled," and were very particular about the passover!

The conscience of unconverted men is a very curious part of their moral nature. While in some cases it becomes hardened, seared, and dead, until it feels nothing; in others it becomes morbidly scrupulous about the lesser matters of religion. It is no uncommon thing to find people excessively particular about the observance of trifling forms and outward ceremonies, while they are the slaves of degrading sins and detestable immoralities. Robbers and murderers in some countries are extremely strict about confession, and absolution, and prayers to saints. Fastings and self-imposed austerities in Lent, are often followed by excess of world liness when Lent is over. There is but a step from Lent to Carnival. The attendants at daily services in the morning are not unfrequently the patrons of balls and theatres at night. All these are symptoms of spiritual disease, and a heart secretly dissatisfied. Men who know they are wrong in one direction, often struggle to make things right by excess of zeal in another direction. That very zeal is their condemnation.

Let us pray that our consciences may always be enlightened by the Holy Ghost, and that we may be kept from a one-sided and deformed Christianity. A religion that makes a man neglect the weightier matters of daily holiness and separation from the world, and concentrate his whole attention on forms, sacraments, ceremonies, and public services, is to say the least, very suspicious. It may be accompanied by immense zeal and show of earnestness, but it is not sound in the sight of God. The Pharisees paid tithe of mint, anise, and cummin, and compassed sea and land to make proselytes, while they neglected "judgment, mercy, and faith." (Matt, xxiii. 23.) The very Jews who thirsted for Christ's blood were the Jews who feared the defilement of a Roman judgment hall, and made much ado about keeping the passover! Let their conduct be a beacon to Christians, as long as the world stands. That religion is worth little which does not make us say, " I esteem all Thy commandments concerning all things to be right, and I hate every false way." (Ps. cxix. 128.) That Christianity is worthless which makes us compound for the neglect of heart religion and practical holiness, by an extravagant zeal for man-made ceremonies or outward forms.

The second point that we should notice in these verses, is the acGount that our Lord Jesus Christ gives of His kingdom. He says, " My kingdom is not of this world." These famous words have been so often perverted and Avrested out of their real sense, that their true meaning has been almost buried under a heap of false interpretations. Let us make sure that we know what they mean.

Our Lord's main object in saying " My kingdom is not of this world," was to inform Pilate's mind concerning the true nature of His kingdom, and to correct any false impression he might have received from the Jews. He tells him that He did not come to set up a kingdom which would interfere with the Roman Government. He did not aim at establishing a temporal power, to be supported by armies and maintained by taxes. The only dominion He exercised was over men's hearts, and the only weapons that His subjects employed were spiritual weapons. A kingdom which required neither money nor servants for its support, was one of which the Roman Emperors need not be afraid. In the highest sense it was a kingdom " not of this world."

But our Lord did not intend to teach that the kings of this world have nothing to do with religion, and ought to ignore God altogether in the government of their subjects. No such idea, we may be sure, was in His mind. He knew perfectly well that it was written, " By Me kings reign" (Prov. viii. 15), and that kings are as much required to use their influence for God, aa the meanest of their subjects. He knew that the prosperity of kingdoms is wholly dependent on the blessing of God, and that kings are as much bound to encourage righteousness and godliness, as to punish unrighteousness and immorality. To suppose that He meant to teach Pilate that, in His judgment, an infidel might be as good a king as a Christian, and a man like Gallio as good a ruler as David or Solomon, is simply absurd.

Let us carefully hold fast the true meaning of our Lord's words in these latter days. Let us never be ashamed to maintain that no Government can expect to prosper which refuses to recognize religion, which deals with its subjects as if they had no souls, and cares not whether they serve God, or Baal, or no God at all. Such a Government will find, sooner or later, that its line of policy is suicidal, and damaging to its best interests. No doubt the kings of this world cannot make men Christians by laws and statutes. But they can encourage and support Christianity, and they will do so if they are wise. The kingdom where there is the most industry, temperance, truthfulness, and honesty, will always be the most prosperous of kingdoms. The king who wants to see these things abound among his subjects, should do all that lies in his power to help Christianity and to discourage irreligion.

The third point that we should notice in these verses is the account that our Lord gives of His own mission. He says, '* To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth."

Of course we are not to suppose our Lord meant that this was the only end of His mission. No doubt He spoke with special reference to what He knew was passing through Pilate's mind. He did not come to win a kingdom with the sword, and to gather adherents and followers by force. He came armed with no other weapon but " truth." To testify to fallen man the truth about God, about sin, about the need of a Redeemer, about the nature of holiness, — to declare and lift up before man's eyes this long lost and buried " truth," — was one great purpose of His ministry. He came to be God's witness to a lost and corrupt world. That the world needed such a testimony, He does not shrink from telling the proud Roman Governor. And this is what St. Paul had in view, when he tells Timothy, that " before Pontius Pilate Christ witnessed a good confession." (1 Tim. vi. 13.)

The servants of Christ in every age must remember that our Lord's conduct in this place is meant to be their example. Like Him we are to be witnesses to God's truth, salt in the midst of corruption, light in the midst of darkness, men and women not afraid to stand alone, and to testify for God against the ways of sin and the world. To do so may entail on us much trouble, and even persecution. But the duty is clear and plain. If we love life, if we would keep a good conscience, and be owned by Christ at the last day, we must be "witnesses." It is written, " Whosoever shall be ashamed of Me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when He cometh in the glory of His Father with the holy angels." (Mark viii. 38.)

The last point that we should notice in these verses is the question that Pontius Pilate addressed to our Lord. We are told that when our Lord spoke of the truth, the Roman Governor replied, " What is truth? " We are not told with what motive this question was asked, nor does it appear on the face of the narrative that he who asked it waited for an answer. It seems l^r more likely that the saying was the sarcastic, sneering exclamation of one who did not believe that there was any such thing as " truth." It sounds like the language of one who had heard, from his earliest youth, so many barren speculations about " truth " among Roman and Greek philosophers, that he doubted its very existence. " Truth indeed! What is truth? "

Melancholy as it may appear, there are multitudes in every Christian land whose state of mind is just like that of Pilate. Hundreds, it may be feared among the upper classes, are continually excusing their own irreligion by the specious plea that, like the Roman Governor, they cannot find out " what is truth." They point to the endless controversies of Romanists and Protestants, of High Churchmen and Low Churchmen, of Churchmen and Dissenters, and pretend to say that they do not understand who is right and who is wrong. Sheltered under this favorite excuse, they pass through life without any decided religion, and in this wretched, comfortless state, too often die.

But is it really true that truth cannot be discovered? Nothing of the kind! God never left any honest, diligent inquirer without light and guidance. Pride is one reason why many cannot discover truth. They do not humbly go down on their knees and earnestly ask God to teach then. — Laziness is another reason. They do not honestly take pains, and search the Scriptures. The followers of unhappy Pilate, as a rule, do not deal fairly and honestly with their consciences. Their favorite question, — What is truth? — is nothing better than a pretence and an excuse. The words of Solomon will be found true as long as the world stands: " If thou criest after knowledge, and liftest up thy voice for understanding; if thou seekest her as, silver, and searchest for her as for hid treasures; then shalt thou understand the fear of the Lord, and find the knowledge of God." (Prov. ii. 4, 5.) No man ever followed that advice and missed the way to heaven.