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Charles Hodge · 1797 – 1878

Commentary on Romans; Systematic Theology

1835; 1871–1873 · Original editions · scanned edition

153pages in 5 volumes
92 hreading time
3,209passages linked to Scripture
8,167links to verses
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Contents

Volume 1CHARLES HODGE, D.D. – THE DECREES OF GOD.pages 1–40
  1. CHARLES HODGE, D.D.1
  2. CARD.1
  3. ON METHOD1
  4. Necessity for System in Theology1
  5. Deistic and Rationalistic Form.1
  6. Dogmatic Form.1
  7. Transcendentalists.1
  8. Consequences of the Mystical Method.1
  9. The Teaching of the Spirit.2
  10. CHAPTER II.2
  11. CHAPTER III.3
  12. CHAPTER IV.4
  13. ROMAN CATHOLIC DOCTRINE CONCERNING THE RULE OF FAITH.6
  14. Incompleteness of the Scriptures.6
  15. Obscurity of the Scriptures.6
  16. The Latin Vulgate.6
  17. Tridentine Doctrine.6
  18. The Organs of the Church's Infallibility.6
  19. The Transmontane Theory.6
  20. C. Tradition and Development.7
  21. Modern Theory of Development.7
  22. The Real Question.7
  23. No Promise of Divine Intervention.7
  24. No Criterion.7
  25. Common Consent not a Criterion.7
  26. Inadequacy of the Evidences of Consent.7
  27. Protestant Doctrine of the Nature of the Church.8
  28. The Opposing Theories of the Church.8
  29. Proof of the Protestant Doctrine of the Church.8
  30. Modern Prelates are not Apostles.8
  31. The Arian Apostasy.8
  32. The Romish Evasion of this Argument.8
  33. THE PROTESTANT RULE OF FAITH.9
  34. The Canon.9
  35. A. The Nature of Inspiration. Definition.9
  36. B. Inspiration Supernatural.9
  37. Argument from the Meaning of the Word Prophet.9
  38. Inspiration of the New Testament Writers.9
  39. The Testimony of Paul.9
  40. Plenary Inspiration.10
  41. I. Objections.10
  42. Discrepancies and Errors.10
  43. Historical and Scientific Objections.10
  44. A. Naturalistic Doctrine.10
  45. Schleiermacher's Theory.10
  46. Objections to Schleiermacher's Theory.10
  47. B. Gracious Inspiration.11
  48. C. Partial Inspiration.11
  49. ORIGIN OF THE IDEA OF GOD.12
  50. The Knowledge of God is Universal.12
  51. Objections to the Assumption that the Knowledge of God is Universal.12
  52. The Belief in God Necessary.12
  53. CHAPTER II.13
  54. ANTI-THEISTIC THEORIES.14
  55. Atheism.14
  56. Is Atheism possible?14
  57. A. The Doctrine of Epicurus.14
  58. Locke (1632-1704).14
  59. Hartley (1705-1757).14
  60. Priestley (1733-1804).14
  61. D. Positivism.15
  62. Remarks.15
  63. Practical Applications of Positivism.15
  64. Leading Principles.15
  65. Correlation of the Physical and Vital Forces.15
  66. Dr. Carpenter's Theory.15
  67. Animal Life.16
  68. Mental Phenomena.16
  69. The German Physicists.16
  70. F. Refutation.16
  71. Materialism is Atheistic.17
  72. The Correlation of Physical and Vital and Mental Forces.17
  73. The Argument from Analogy.17
  74. Further Arguments of the Materialists.17
  75. Professor Joseph Henry.17
  76. Dr. Beale.17
  77. Mr. Wallace.17
  78. Vital and Physical Forces not Convertible.17
  79. Wallace, the Naturalist.18
  80. A. What Pantheism is.18
  81. General Principles of the System.18
  82. History of Pantheism.18
  83. B. Brahminical Pantheism.18
  84. Relation of Infinite Being to the World.19
  85. Relation of Pantheism to Polytheism.19
  86. Effect of Pantheism on Religion.19
  87. Character of the Hindu Worship.19
  88. The Anthropology of the Hindus.19
  89. The Effect of Pantheism on the Social Life of the Hindus.19
  90. C. Grecian Pantheism.19
  91. The Ionic School.19
  92. The Eleatic School.19
  93. The Stoics.19
  94. Plato.19
  95. Ideas.19
  96. The Relation of Ideas, in Plato's Philosophy, to God19
  97. The Cosmogony of Plato.20
  98. The Nature of the Soul.20
  99. Aristotle.20
  100. The Neo-Platonists.20
  101. John Scotus Erigena.20
  102. Spinoza.20
  103. F. Conclusion.20
  104. THE KNOWLEDGE OF GOD21
  105. God Inconceivable.21
  106. God Incomprehensible.21
  107. Our Knowledge of God Partial.21
  108. Argument from the Revelation of God in Nature.21
  109. Argument from Scripture.21
  110. Argument from the Manifestation of God in Christ.21
  111. Sir William Hamilton's Argument.21
  112. The Infinite cannot Know.22
  113. Different Kinds of Ignorance.22
  114. B. Regulative Knowledge.22
  115. Objections to the Doctrine of Regulative Knowledge.22
  116. Wrong Definition of Knowledge.22
  117. Hamilton's Doctrine Leads to Scepticism.23
  118. Necessity of a Supernatural Revelation.23
  119. NATURE AND ATTRIBUTES OF GOD23
  120. Being of God.23
  121. Relation of the Attributes to the Essence of God.23
  122. Divine Attributes.23
  123. The Divine Attributes differ Virtualiter.24
  124. A. Scriptural Doctrine.25
  125. B. Philosophical View.25
  126. Modern Philosophical Views.25
  127. Philosophical Statement.25
  128. A. Its Nature.25
  129. The Doctrine of the Scriptures on this Subject.25
  130. B. The Objects of Divine Knowledge.25
  131. The Actual and the Possible.26
  132. C. Scientia Media.26
  133. The Origin of this Distinction.26
  134. D. Foreknowledge.26
  135. E. The Wisdom of God.26
  136. C. The Decretive and Preceptive Will of God.26
  137. D. Antecedent and Consequent Will.26
  138. E. Absolute and Conditional Will.26
  139. B. Omnipotence.26
  140. C. The Negation of Power.26
  141. D. Absolute Power.26
  142. Potentia Absoluta and Potentia Ordinata.26
  143. E. Confounding Will and Power.26
  144. This Doctrine Destroys our Knowledge of God.27
  145. The Optimist Theory.27
  146. Proof of the Scriptural Doctrine.27
  147. Argument from the Religious Experience of Believers.27
  148. Argument from the Holiness of God.27
  149. Argument from the Connection between Sin and Misery.27
  150. Paul's Argument.27
  151. A. The Scriptural Doctrine.28
  152. Benevolence.28
  153. Love.28
  154. B. The Existence of Evil.28
  155. Objections to this Theory.28
  156. The Scriptural Doctrine.28
  157. CHAPTER VI.29
  158. Psalm ii. 7.30
  159. THE DIVINITY OF CHRIST.31
  160. The Protevangelium.31
  161. Jehovah and the Angel Jehovah.31
  162. A. The Book of Genesis.31
  163. D. The Psalms.31
  164. E. The Prophetical Books.31
  165. His Authority as a Teacher.32
  166. His Control over all Creatures.32
  167. E. His Control over Nature.32
  168. A. The Writings of St. John.32
  169. Other Passages in St. John's Gospel.32
  170. Our Lord's Last Discourse.32
  171. The Epistles of St. John.32
  172. The Apocalypse.32
  173. B. The Epistles of St. Paul.32
  174. The Epistles to the Corinthians.33
  175. Galatians.33
  176. Ephesians.33
  177. Philippians.33
  178. Colossians.33
  179. The Pastoral Epistles33
  180. Epistle to the Hebrews.34
  181. THE HOLY SPIRIT.34
  182. A. His Personality.34
  183. Proof of his Personality.34
  184. Relation of the Spirit to the Father and to the Son.34
  185. A. In Nature.34
  186. The Spirit the Source of all Intellectual Life.34
  187. THE DECREES OF GOD.35
  188. Free Acts are Foreordained.35
  189. D. It is Fatalism.36
  190. CHAPTER X.36
  191. CHAPTER XI.37
  192. CHAPTER XII.39
  193. CHAPTER XIII.40
Volume 2PART II. — ANTHROPOLOGY. – THE EXALTATION OF CHRIST.pages 41–87
  1. PART II. — ANTHROPOLOGY.41
  2. ORIGIN OF MAN.41
  3. Heathen Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation.41
  4. Modern Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation.41
  5. Lamarck.41
  6. Vestiges of Creation.41
  7. Darwin.41
  8. Remarks on the Darwinian Theory.41
  9. The Atheistic Character of the Theory.41
  10. Theories of the Universe.42
  11. Darwin.42
  12. J. J. Murphy.42
  13. Owen.42
  14. The Reign of Law Theory.42
  15. Admitted Difficulties in the Way of the Darwinian Theory42
  16. Sterility of Hybrids.42
  17. Geographical Distribution.42
  18. Pangenesis.42
  19. Soul of the Sparrow and the Bee!42
  20. Lake Dwellings.42
  21. Fossil Human Remains.43
  22. Flint Implements.43
  23. Argument from the Races of Men and from Ancient Monuments43
  24. NATURE OF MAN.44
  25. Relation of the Soul and Body.44
  26. Realistic Dualism.44
  27. Doubtful Passages Explained.44
  28. Its General Character.44
  29. Generic Humanity.45
  30. Objections to Realism.45
  31. Not Supported by Consciousness.45
  32. Realism Contrary to the Teachings of Scripture.45
  33. Inconsistent with the Doctrine of the Trinity.45
  34. THE ORIGIN OF THE SOUL.46
  35. Origen's Doctrine.46
  36. Argument from the Nature of the Soul.46
  37. UNITY OF THE HUMAN RACE.47
  38. General Characteristics of Species.47
  39. Definitions of Species.47
  40. Organic Structure.47
  41. Physiological Argument.47
  42. Psychological Argument.47
  43. The Evidence of Identity of Race Cumulative.47
  44. The Spiritual Relationship of Men.48
  45. ORIGINAL STATE OF MAN.48
  46. Ephesians iv. 24.48
  47. Objections to the Romish Doctrine.49
  48. Argument from the General Judgment of Men.49
  49. Argument from Scripture.49
  50. The Faith of the Church on this Subject.49
  51. This the Common Rule of Judgment.49
  52. The Testimony of Scripture.49
  53. The Faith of the Church.49
  54. Objections Considered.49
  55. Answer to the Pelagian Arguments.49
  56. COVENANT OF WORKS.50
  57. THE FALL.51
  58. The Scriptural Account.51
  59. The Tree of Life.51
  60. The Tree of Knowledge.51
  61. The Serpent.51
  62. The Nature of the Temptation.51
  63. The Effects of the First Sin.51
  64. CHAPTER VIII.51
  65. FREE AGENCY.57
  66. Necessity.57
  67. Contingency.57
  68. Certainty.57
  69. The Will.57
  70. Motive.57
  71. Cause.58
  72. Liberty.58
  73. Liberty and Ability.58
  74. Self-determination and Self-determination of the Will.58
  75. Points of Agreement.58
  76. Arguments from Scripture.58
  77. The Argument from Consciousness.59
  78. Argument from the Moral Character of Volition.59
  79. Argument from the Rational Nature of Man.59
  80. Argument from the Doctrine of a Sufficient Cause.59
  81. PART III. — SOTERIOLOGY.60
  82. THE PLAN OF SALVATION.60
  83. The Importance of a Knowledge of this Plan.60
  84. Objections to Supralapsarianism.60
  85. Arguments against this Scheme.60
  86. Preliminary Remarks.61
  87. Statement of the Doctrine.61
  88. Proof of the Doctrine.61
  89. Argument from the Facts of Providence.61
  90. Sovereignty of God in the Dispensations of his Providence.61
  91. Argument from the Facts of Scripture.61
  92. From the Work of the Spirit.61
  93. Election is to Holiness.61
  94. From the Gratuitous Nature of Salvation.61
  95. The Apostle's Argument in Romans ix.62
  96. Argument from Experience.62
  97. Express Declarations of Scripture.62
  98. The Words of Jesus.62
  99. Founded on our Ignorance.62
  100. THE COVENANT OF GRACE.63
  101. Two Covenants to be Distinguished.63
  102. Christ as Mediator of the Covenant.63
  103. The Condition of the Covenant.63
  104. The Promises of the Covenant.63
  105. Faith the Condition of Salvation from the Beginning.64
  106. First, from Adam to Abraham.64
  107. The Second Dispensation.64
  108. The Third Dispensation.64
  109. The Gospel Dispensation.64
  110. PERSON OF CHRIST.65
  111. Proof of the Doctrine.65
  112. First Argument, all the Elements of the Doctrine separately taught.65
  113. Christ One Person.65
  114. Second Argument, from the Current Representations of Scripture.65
  115. Third Argument, from Particular Passages of Scriptures.65
  116. Two Natures in Christ.65
  117. There is no Transfer of the Attributes of one Nature to the Other.66
  118. The Union is a Personal Union.66
  119. Communion of Attributes.66
  120. The Acts of Christ.66
  121. The Incarnate Logos the Source of Life.66
  122. The Exaltation of the Human Nature of Christ.66
  123. The Ebionites.66
  124. The Gnostics.66
  125. The Apollinarian Doctrine.66
  126. Nestorianism.66
  127. Eutychianism.67
  128. Remarks on the Lutheran Doctrine.67
  129. Socinianism.68
  130. Swedenborg.68
  131. Isaac Watts.68
  132. Objections.68
  133. Pantheistical Christology.68
  134. Theistical Christology.68
  135. Ebrard.69
  136. Gess.69
  137. Remarks.69
  138. Schleiermacher.69
  139. Schleiermacher's Christology.69
  140. Objections to this Theory.69
  141. Founded on Pantheistic Principles.69
  142. Involves the Rejection of the Doctrine of the Trinity.69
  143. Schleiermacher's Anthropology.70
  144. THE MEDIATORIAL WORK OF CHRIST.71
  145. PROPHETIC OFFICE.72
  146. PRIESTLY OFFICE.72
  147. The Word Atonement.72
  148. Satisfaction.72
  149. Penalty.72
  150. Vicarious.73
  151. Guilt.73
  152. Redemption.73
  153. Expiation and Propitiation.73
  154. SATISFACTION OF CHRIST.73
  155. Romish Doctrine of Satisfaction.73
  156. Proof of the Immutability of the Law.74
  157. The Old Testament Sacrifices Expiatory.74
  158. The Fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah.75
  159. Christ our Redeemer.75
  160. Redemption from the Penalty of the Law.75
  161. Redemption from the Law.75
  162. Redemption from the Power of Sin.75
  163. Redemption from the Power of Satan.76
  164. Final Redemption from all Evil.76
  165. Argument from Related Doctrines.76
  166. Argument from the Religious Experience of Believers.76
  167. Von meines Zornes Ruthen!76
  168. Moral Objections.76
  169. Popular Objections.77
  170. There is no Vindicatory Justice in God.77
  171. The Transfer of Guilt or Righteousness Impossible.77
  172. Expiation a Heathenish Idea.77
  173. FOR WHOM DID CHRIST DIE?77
  174. Argument from the Doctrine of Election.77
  175. Express Declarations of Scripture.77
  176. Argument from the Special Love of God.77
  177. Argument from the Believer's Union with Christ.77
  178. THEORIES OF THE ATONEMENT.78
  179. Objections to this Theory.78
  180. Remonstrants.79
  181. The Supernaturalists.79
  182. American Theologians.79
  183. Objections to the Theory.79
  184. Mystical Theory at the Time of the Reformation.79
  185. Osiander.79
  186. Schwenkfeld.79
  187. Oetinger.80
  188. The Modern Views.80
  189. INTERCESSION OF CHRIST.80
  190. KINGLY OFFICE OF CHRIST.81
  191. Christ's Dominion over the Universe.81
  192. Christ's Spiritual Kingdom.81
  193. Christ's Visible Kingdom.81
  194. Nature of this Kingdom.81
  195. HUMILIATION OF CHRIST.82
  196. The Romish Doctrine of the "Descensus ad Inferos."82
  197. THE EXALTATION OF CHRIST.83
  198. Nature of Christ's Resurrection Body.83
  199. CHAPTER XIV.84
Volume 3SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY – THE CONCOMITANTS OF THE SECOND ADVENT.pages 88–126
  1. SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY88
  2. CHAPTER XV.88
  3. Exposition of the Doctrine.89
  4. Regeneration an Act of God.89
  5. Regeneration an Act of God's Power.89
  6. Regeneration in the Subjective Sense of the Word not an Act.89
  7. Not a Change of Substance.89
  8. It is a New Life.89
  9. It is a New Birth.89
  10. A New Heart.89
  11. Denial of Supernaturalism.89
  12. Resting on False Psychological Theories.89
  13. CHAPTER XVI.89
  14. CHAPTER XVII.92
  15. CHAPTER XVIII.95
  16. CHAPTER XIX.97
  17. THE MEANS OF GRACE103
  18. Testimony of History.103
  19. The Office of the Word as a Means of Grace.103
  20. The Lutheran Doctrine.104
  21. Remarks.104
  22. Usage of the Word Sacrament.104
  23. The Theological Usage and Definition of the Word.104
  24. Lutheran Doctrine.104
  25. Romish Doctrine.104
  26. Remonstrant Doctrine.104
  27. Confirmation.105
  28. Penance.105
  29. Orders.105
  30. Matrimony.105
  31. Extreme Unction.105
  32. Zwinglian and Remonstrant Doctrine.105
  33. Doctrine of the Reformed Church.105
  34. The Lutheran Doctrine.105
  35. Doctrine of the Church of Rome on the Efficacy of the Sacraments.106
  36. Ex Opere Operato.106
  37. The Administrator.106
  38. The Mode of Baptism.107
  39. Use of the Word in the Classics.107
  40. Use of the Words in the Septuagint and Apocrypha.107
  41. The New Testament Usage.107
  42. The Patristic Usage.107
  43. The Catholicity of the Gospel.107
  44. Argument from the Design of the Ordinance.107
  45. Qualifications for Adult Baptism.108
  46. Romish Theory of the Church.108
  47. Puritan Theory of the Church.108
  48. The Common Protestant Theory.108
  49. First Proposition. The Visible Church is a Divine Institution.108
  50. Second Proposition. The Visible Church does not consist exclusively of the Regenerate.108
  51. Third Proposition. The Commonwealth of Israel was the Church.108
  52. Difference between the Jewish and Christian Usage.109
  53. Doctrine of the Church of Rome on the Baptism of Children.109
  54. The Puritan Doctrine on this Subject.109
  55. Doctrine and Usage of the Reformed Churches.110
  56. Doctrine of the Reformed Churches.110
  57. Proof of the Reformed Doctrine.110
  58. Baptism is a Condition of Salvation.110
  59. Baptism as a Duty.111
  60. Baptism as a Means of Grace.111
  61. Baptismal Regeneration.111
  62. Direct Arguments against the Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration.112
  63. Its Necessity.112
  64. Its Effects.112
  65. The Sacramental Actions.113
  66. Breaking the Bread.113
  67. The Distribution and Reception of the Elements.113
  68. The Design of the Lord's Supper.113
  69. Qualifications for the Lord's Supper.113
  70. Zwinglian Statements.113
  71. Calvin's Doctrine.113
  72. Manducation.114
  73. The Efficacy of the Lord's Supper as a Sacrament.114
  74. Applications of these Principles to the Lord's Supper.114
  75. Remarks.115
  76. Statement of the Doctrine in the Symbolical Books.115
  77. Manducation.115
  78. Mode of Presence.115
  79. Transubstantiation.116
  80. Proof of the Doctrine.116
  81. Withholding the Cup from the Laity.116
  82. The Lord's Supper as a Sacrifice.116
  83. Remarks.116
  84. The Object of Prayer.117
  85. Requisites of Acceptable Prayer.117
  86. Different Kinds of Prayer.117
  87. Public Prayer.117
  88. Prayer as a Means of Grace.117
  89. The Power of Prayer.117
  90. STATE OF THE SOUL AFTER DEATH.118
  91. The Intermediate State.118
  92. The Limbus Patrum.119
  93. The Limbus Infantum.119
  94. Hell.119
  95. Heaven.119
  96. Purgatory.119
  97. Arguments against the Doctrine.120
  98. History of the Doctrine.120
  99. THE RESURRECTION.121
  100. The Identity of the Future with our Present Body.121
  101. Nature of the Resurrection Body.121
  102. SECOND ADVENT.122
  103. The Antichrist of Daniel.123
  104. The Antichrist of the Apocalypse.123
  105. Roman Catholic Doctrine of Antichrist.123
  106. THE CONCOMITANTS OF THE SECOND ADVENT.124
  107. The Time of this General Resurrection.124
  108. The Church Doctrine.124
  109. Remarks.125
  110. The Consummation.125
  111. The Duration of Future Punishment.126
  112. Objections.126
  113. The Goodness of God.126
Volume 4EPISTLE TO THE EPHESIANS. – COMMENTARY.pages 127–136
  1. EPISTLE TO THE EPHESIANS.127
  2. CHAPTER I.127
  3. THE SALUTATION.127
  4. COMMENTARY.127
  5. SECTION II.—Vs. 3-14.127
  6. SECTION III.—Vs. 15-23.128
  7. CHAPTER II.129
  8. SECTION I.—Vs. 1-10.129
  9. SECTION II.—Vs. 11-22. 11.130
  10. CHAPTER III.131
  11. SECTION I.—Vs. 1-13.131
  12. SECTION II.—Vs. 14-21.132
  13. CHAPTER IV.132
  14. SECTION I.—Vs. 1-16.132
  15. SECTION II.—Vs. 17-32.—C. V. 1-2.133
  16. SECTION I.—Vs. 3-20.134
  17. SECTION II.—Vs. 17-33.135
  18. CHAPTER VI.136
  19. SECTION I.—Vs. 1-9.136
  20. SECTION II.—Vs. 10-24.136
Volume 5Romanspages 137–153
  1. Romans137
Commentary on Romans; Systematic Theology · Charles Hodge · Cloud of Witnesses