Leviticus
who touches an uneUantMiigt of^him who binds himself by a vour or an ooA; and ol trttpatnig'ering* in cases of taeriiege, and in tin* ignorance.
Chop. vi. treats of the trctpoMt-f^tringa for sins knowingly committed; and of die offerings for the priesti^ the parts which should be consumal, ana the parte v^uchshoulduaciHMidered as tbe priests' portion. And in
Chapi viii. treats of the eoTiMcroiton of Aanm and his sons; their sio-oflerin^ bumt-o^riag ram of eonseera^oa, ni^be time during which these solemn riles should continue.
Chap. ix. After Aaron and his sons were consecrated, on the Hghl\ day they were coaunanded to offer stii-offering& and burnt-offerings, lor Aemaalvts aod for the people, wnich they accordingly did, aad Aaron and Moses having blesMO ihepeopl^ a fire came forth from before the Lord, and consumed the offenng that was laid upon the altar.
CSiap. X. Nadab and Abibu. the sons of Aaron, having offered strange./Irs befim tbe L<»a, are coosumedj aod the ' pisslsaM facfcalden the use of wine aad all inebriatingliqnors.
C%ap. xiL treats of die purrlctUion of women after child-birth, and the offerings they should present before tbe Lord. Chap. xiii. prescribes the manner of discerning the infection of the Uproty in persons, garment^ aod houses. Chap. jiT. prescribes the sacrificaa and ceremonies which should be offered by tboae who were deaneed from dta
. XV. treaU of certain UDeleuineMea in moo and woman: and of their purifications...Chasixvi. Ireau of the scriemn yearly expiatim to be inadBfiDr the aiiu of Ibe priest and of Ibe people, andhokKkftiraMeriSecsandttf aeeeope-jreaf/ all irtiioh should ba^bredaninaUy, on the IsaAdsffM the esMnlt Bonth.
Chap, xvii- the Israelites are commanded to o&r all their sacrifices at the tabernacle; — the eodng of blood is prohibilea I as also the flesh of those animals which die of themselves, and t4 diose that are torn by dogs.
CaMn. xuc ree^ntulalei a variety of lavs whidh bad been mntiaied in the pnoeding book, (Endos) and adda eevecalnev ooee.
C3iap. zz. pn>luliita the eooseeration of their cbildreo loJUUeeJ^ fbrbids their ooneiiltiiigiB^^ had/imWar ^nrtie, aod also a variety of incestuous aad unnatural mixtures.
Crap. xxL gives different ordinances concerning the mcmrnlmg and marnagat oi priuta, aad prohibits duwe from Ibe saeardoMJ office, wbe have certain pertonai defoeU.
Oiiqk xziL ireUs «f those infirmitiea and nnrlimnnrsens wbieh rendered die inriest nnfit to officiate in sacred things^ Md b^a dovB direatioaa lot tbe ferfettioa of the sanifieea iriiid) riMok) be offered le die Lord.
■ CbapL xziv. trs^ of the oi/ for the lawfo and the ihoto-bread i the law oaneendng which bad already been given,.•aeaEnduszxv, A«.»eatioMt]ie case of tbe person wlwb/aspAMwd puaiduneot—biys down the law mcMeaof UaspAsmyaod murdert aod reeapiwlalea die /sr (otfoni^ «■ law of Mts^Un^ preacribedBxod. ui. ^Omil XX*. reoapitidaies dte law, given Bzod. xxiU. relaUve to die saUatieui jfear, praaeribea the year flfJkiMie^ Malays down a vario^ of aiatUes relative la nmty, Uiubuto, isMsefmo^ dbarfift fte.
aief.xxn. prehibita idolatry, protnlsas a great variety of bMofs to the obedMB^aod threatens the dleobedieBl wiftnaay aad grievous onnes. OMBkCKvii treats of vines,«fthiiM (fsestsd, aod ^ tbe MtWtrtiiehdiouU be given (hr the senric^ n> afcreno/MTTcai 7>i6/b can be affixed to this be^ I as the trensaetiona of it seen to have been included wldiin ihe #>Mof sfgftldayi^ or of anumdi atthe almost, as we have already seen. And evensoaseof the faots related here, lahnt pbce previousty to the erection of die tebemaele: aor is the order in which die otbois oeaniiit^ ao '■■"'QSmed at to enable u> to lay down dtepneiaa day* ia which diey took place.
■ tobernadeoftheeoneregatioD, saying, 2 Speak unto the children oV Israel, and say
Tene 1. And the Lent called unio MmoI] From (he manner in which the book commences, it appear* plainly to be a continuation of the preeedinK; and, indeed, the whole ii but ooe iaut, though dividea into five poruotu; •nd why thus divided ii not earr to be conjectured.
Previously to the erection of the tabernacle, God had ^ven no particular directions concerning the manner of ofiferini; the different kinds of sacrifices; Init as soon aa this divine structure was eslaUished and consecrated, Jehovah took it aa his dwellioK-plaoe; described the rilea and cerMnonies which he wmild nave observed in his votshin that hia peojfde might know what was best pleasing in oil si^t I ana that, when thua TorriiinHBg him, they nigfat have confidence that they pleased him, every thing being done according to his own directioni. A conacknunesB of acting according to the revealed will of Ciod gives strong confidence to an upright mind.
Verse 2. Bring an leering] The word ja^p korban, from stp Aaro&j to ajmroaeh, or draw near, signifies an ifffering or gift, by which a person had access unto Ood; and this receives h^t from the uni versa] custom that prevails in the east, no man being permitted to approach the presence of a superior without a preaetd or gxfl; and the offering thus brought was called korban^ which properly meoos the introduction offering, or tgfering of aceeea. Thia custom has been o&en referred to in the preceding InxricB. See also chap. vii.
Of the eatUe] nanan ka-behemah, animals of the beeve Vina, such as the butt, htifer, bullock, and eaif; and restrained to these aloae the terra herd, iju btiguar, which from its general use in the Levitieal writiDgB. is known to refer to the or, ke\fer, dbc. And therefore other am mala ot the beeve kiAl were excluded.
Of tht Jloekl)Mitem,sHVBVBnd«ATsi fitrvehave alrMtdy seen raat this term implies bodi kmds: and ve know, from its use, ihu no other animal of the emaiUr elean domestio quadnips^ is intended) and as no other animal of this class, bMide the iheep and goat, was ever offered in sacrifice to Ood. The aaimale mentioned in this chapter as proper for sacrifice, are the very same wbidt God comnumded Abraham to offer, see Ckn. xv. 9. And diuB it is evident, that Ood delivtred to die patriu^is an •pitome of that lav which was afterward given in detail to Uoses, the essence of which consistea in iu eacri' Jleea $ and those aaeriflces were of clean aohnals, (be moot perfect, uss&il, and beaiihy of all that are brought under uw inuiwdiata government and iidlnenee of man. Gross ftsdinfc and feioeioua animals, vnro all Mtohided, as were alseaUbirdsof t»-ey. In the pagan worship, it was widely diflerantt for althoogh the ox was esteemed among them, aeoording to lAvy, as the major hotHa — and according to PHny^WM vietiiM optima, et Umdotiuima deorumptaeoMo, Plin. Hist Nat. lib. viii. eh. 46. the chief sacnfice, ■od the most availiag oflforing \rtiieh oould be made to Ae yoib;]patoliseeae fowls, and raveaoos besats^ s— uding to
unto them, * If any man of you bring an offering unto the Lord, ye shall bring your ofieriug of the cattle, even of the herd and of the flock.
3 IT If his offering be a burnt-sacrifice of the herd, let him offer a male * without bLemidi: -Iw shall <^er it of his own voluntary wQl at the door of the tabernacle of the congregatkm before the LoBD.
4 * And he shall put his band uptm the head of the burnt-offering; and it shall oe ' acoqHed for him ( to make atonement for him.
the nature of their deities, were fretpiently offered in. fice. Hius they sacrificed horaee to the Sun; wolvf, to Habs; ocaes, to PaiAPtrs; ntine, to Csaxa: dogm, to Hecatc, Ac (fee. But in the womip of Ooo, all these were declared undean, and only the three fidllowins Unb of QoAcmoPBDs were oommanded to be sacriftcsd: I. Hh IntU or ox, the cote or hnfer, and the eaff. 2. Tttt M^gool, ■ Ae-goat, and the kid. 3. The ram, the mm, and the &mi. Among FOWLS, only pigeoiu and turtlo-dmee, were ooamanded to be offered, except in the case of deansing dn leper, mead<H)ed ch. xiv. U. where two clean birds, genenuly supposed to be epamwa, or odier small birds, though ot what meeies is not well known. Ftak were iMI oflerai^ heouise taqr eould not be nsdily bnxq^ to ibe tabenaslB lUive.
Verse S. Burnt-offering] The most important of aO the sacrifices offered to Ood, called the Sepungin^ ■x«iBuriff>a, because it was unoUy eoRntnuc^ which ifaa not the ease in any other offering. — See on dtmp. viL
Hie own voluntary wiU\ ist^ lertitono — to fofn himseff acceptance before the Lord; in this way all the vereiona appear to have understood the original words; and the connexion in which thsgr stand obviously requires this meaning.
Verse 4. Be AaU put kte hand upon the head ^ As btcrnirnfferi!ng\ By the imposition of hands, the pcnoa bringing the victim acknowledged, 1. The aacrifiee as ba own. Z. Tiial he offered it as an atonement for his siai. 3. That he was woiifay of death, because he had wasBtd, having forfeited his life by breaking tbe-law. 4. nml he entreated God to accept the ^« of die innoceift animal in place of his own. 6. And aU this, to be done profilal^ must have respect to HIM whose life in the ndncss of time, should be made a sacrifice far an. 6. TVs Uwd was to be eprinkled rmtnd ahotd vpen As attar, ver.-i. OB by die sprinkling of blood the atonemem was mdet for the blood was the life ot die beast, and it was ahrayi supposed, that Ji/%Went to redeem it/s. See note on Ezm. xxix. 10. On the reared perfection of the saerifiee, see the note on Exod. xii. B.
It lias bean suffieieatly remarked by leanMd nen^ tial alnuMt all the people of the eardi had thur *ynU-^^ ingi; on whieh also ibey plaoed the gresiast ^psa tfaoM. It was a general maxim through die ttsatben worid, *st there was no other wigr lo.amease dta incensed gods; sad they sometimea oven offraea human saerifieei^ from Aa supposition, as Obsar expreaaea it, that life was neaessaff to redeem life, ajod that th« gods woidd ba satisfied wtdi nothing less. — Quod pro vim Aominis kM vUti rtddafary nan pone oHter dearum itnmorlaHum numeti ptaeari^ Com. de BelL OaL Hb. vt— But diis was not tfta ewn with the Oauls ( for we see by Ovid, J^^. Uh. vi, ibUj was a commonly reoaivod maxim among mora polMifd pet^le:
5 And he shall kill the ■'huOoek before thb Ijobd: I and the iH-iesta, Aaron's boob, Aall tying the blood, ^ and siwinkle the bkmd round about upon the altar, that is by the door of the tabernaele of the congregation.
6 And he shall flay the burnt-offering, and cut it into hiB tueces.,., „
7 And the Bona of Aaron the pl-ieBt, Bhall put fire upon the altar, and > lay the wood in order upon thffi fire. ^ i i.
8 And the priesta, Aaron's sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat, in order upon the wood that tt on the fire which it upon the attar.
9 But his inwards and his legs shall he waah in water: and the priest BhalTbum all on the altar, to be a burnt-sacriflce, an offering made by fire, of a " sweet savour unto the Lord.
10 TAnd if his offerii^ be of the flocks, nemehi, of the sheep, or of the goats, for a burnt-Bacn- &e: he sbail bring it a male "without blemish.
IL • And he shaU kill it on the side of the altar ■orUiward before the Lord: and the priests. Aaron's eons, shall sprinkle his blood round about upon the altar;
. 12 And he shall cut into his pieces, with his head and his fht; and the priest riiall ]aj tibtem in order on the wood that j* on the fire, irtiich if mwn &e altar. 13 Bat he shall vaah the inwards and the
- VemS. XbdWtJIi^] Pnbsbtjr lOMUiing ihs pwwn wfc» frrraffcX tft« Mcri;fc% vliOi aeowdiiu to KWMOf the ndiliin», laUed, flayw^ cut ti|i^ and vamd the sacrifice, and dMn pnanited die puis ami Uw blood to die pfiut, that he ought buin die one, and ■prinkle the other upon. the altar. But it i» eertain that tb« priests also, and the Lente% ibyed ibo rietiiaik and the pnest had the akin to hifluelCaMeb^ «ad2 Chron. xxiz. 34. Hie red haiitrakaewasnotfi^ed: tnit the whole body, with the aUo, eonanmed with fire.— Sea Numb. xiz. 6.
Terse T. i*MlJlr«] Hie firetbU oame out of the tabernacle from befim ihaLord, and which was kept perpetually burning, see tdu^t. ix. 24. Nor was it lavnd to um any other Bra in the service of God.— See the oaae of Nadab and Abifan, diap. z.
Y«n6B. 7^prt4»U—AaUlmA*])arU] The men See was divided according to iia Ui^r joiota. 1.- After its Hood was jHNired out, and the skin removed, ihe head was mt off. 2. Tbey then opened it and took out the omentum, or caul, that inveata the intestinea. 3. They took <ui the inteaUnaa with the mesentery, and washed them ■well, as also the &L 4. They then plaoed the four quartera opoa Ihe altar, eoverad them with nt laid the remaina of tt» inieatioea upon diam, and then laid the head above alL Bb The aacred fiia was than amdied, «id the whole maas was consumed. Tbim wis the Aoloeaual^ or complete
VMe9. £n(fering-~^anaett9a9ow'\ mnarrinrH MM rnncft niAoaA, n,_fire-tifering, an odour ^ raat— •r, as the Septoagint txpnm it, Una «m>i»f, a aaonfica for a aweet-amelliiiK savour) iriiieh plaoe St. PmiI had evidently in vtew^^ien be wrote Eipbea. v. 2.— ** C^iriat halh loved ua, and hada given himself for ua an i^'tring,*mt fifriw— it( tr/uir nmttmt, and a aocrijlct, for a amttt amelHng taoaar iriiere hs uaes the same terms as the Sotuagint. Hence we find, that tha Aalacauai; or hmrnt^gtrinK, ^pified the aaerifiea and deadi of Christ telba sins oTihe world.
VrnmVk An fuming ^Ut»JtoM\ Saaonver. 8. ^Verae I3L Quit fate Ma pmcm] See the notes on Gen. XT.
Vere 16. Pluek away hit crop wiOk hi* JoMt/ura} In diis aacrifiee of fowla, the bead waa visllnuy wrung off, Aea the Uood waa poured out — then the feadiers were ^odndoffl the Iveaat was cut open, and the crop, atomach, aad mlssliMa^ taken out, ai^ ihea the body was burnt. Inaad) bird was afdit m yet it was not divided asinioer. Tbis airaiinstaaoe bpartiailarly remained in Abram'a sseiifioi^ Chn. xt. 10.— See Oie notes there.— See Atnaworlh.
legis with water: wd the imest shall bring tfaU, and burn if upon the eltar i it if a burafe-flSMnrifiee, an offering made by fire, of a sweet saroar unto
14 TT And if the burnt-sacrifice for his offering to the Lord be oC fowls, then he studl bring hu offering of f turtle-doves, or of young pigeons.
15 And thepriesl slum bring it unto the altar, and ' wring off^his head, and bum it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall b« wrung tiut at the Bide of the altar.
16 And he shall pluck away his crop with *hi8 featherB, and cast it t beside the altar on the east part, by the place of the ashes.
17 And he shall cleave it with the wings thereof, but " Ehall not divide it asunder; and the priest shall burn it upon the altar, upon the wood that is upon the fire; * it in a burnt-sacrifice, an <^^ing made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LoBD,
ing shall be t^f fine flour; and he shall pour oil upon it, and put frankincense thereon.
she-gOats, and Idds. 3. Bams, ewe^ and kunba. 4. PiwtODM and tuitlo-dovea; sad in one case, the eleonaing of the leper, aporrote^ or some small bird, all tbeee must be without K>ot or blemiidi — the moat perfect of their reqMOtive kinds, and be wholly cooaumed by fire. The bich were to bring the moat cottlx/; the poos, those of leoMt price. Even in this requisiuon of jtuUce, how much m«rey waa mingled] If a man could not bring a fruZfoe^ or a hafer, tigoat, ot a sAe«^, let him bring a ea^, a kid, or a lamb. If he cmld not bring any of mese, Mcaoae of his poverty, let him brit^ a twUe-^ove, or a young pigeon^ see ehap, v. T. and it appears, that, in cases oi extreme poverty, even a little meal, orjliu Jloitr, waa accepted by the boiintifiil Lord, aa a sufHcient oblation, see cnap. v. ver. 11. This brought down the benefits of the sacrificial aervice within the reach of Ihe poorest of the poor; aa we may take for granted, that every person, howsoever low in his circumstances, might be able to provide Ihe tenth part of an e^iah, about three quarts of meal, to moke an ottering for ma aoul unto the Uord. But every man muat bring something — the law stooped to the lowest circumstances of the poorest of the people: but every man must tocri- ^fiet, because eveiy man oad rimud. Reader, what sort of a aacrifiee doet tboa bring to God 1 To him thou owest thy irtude body, soul, and substance — are all these eonae> orated to his senrieel Or. has h» the refiue of thy tine, and die odal of thy estate 1 God requires thee to aacrifiee aa hia providence has blessed thee. If thou have much, thou ahouldest give l^)*raUy to Qod and the poor; if thou have but little, do Hijt dJigenetf to give ^ that little. God's JtuUct rewtires a DMorure of that whidi hia nurcu has bestowed. But remember, that aa thou beat Hnnea, ihoaneedeat a &iriowr.-^?BsuB is diat Lamb without qio^ 'V^ieh has beui offered to God for the sin of the Irorld, and which thou must offer to him for thy nn; and it is only throttghmmm that thou canst be accepted, even when thou dedicatest thv whole body, soul, and substance, to thy Maker. Even wrien we present ourselves a living sacnfiee to God, we are aoeepted - for hU aake who earned oua aia% and bora our sorrows, llianlu be to Qoi^ the rich and the poor have equal aoeesi imio him throogb die S<n ofhislovel And equal ri^t to claim the beaefila of tba great Saarifice.
NOTES ON CHAPTER II. Terse 1. Meat-Bering] nnjo nUndtah. For an explanation of thia word, see the note on Gen. iv. 3. and Lev. vii. Colmet has remarked, that there are Jive kinds ot the mandkoA nentioaad in tlUs clMier: 1. r/to mMh^ aimplojiour or meal, ver. 1. 3. Oum aad w^n^ « whatever was baked in the oaen, ver. 4. in the pan, ver. 6. 4. Cake* baked on ibt frying-pan^ or pr<»»bly a gridiron, ver. 7. 6. Oreen tare of com DarofaacL ver. l£^ All tfaeae were sfiered without Aoney or IssMN, «M sceqmwuiiad with wte^ oit, and./ronif ncmae. It is very Utely uiat die mindkoA, in son^ or all of the
S And he ehaH hrmg it to Aotob'r sona the priests:. and he shall take thereout hia hfmdTuI of the flour thereof, and- of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof; and the priest shall buro ' the memorial of it upon the altar, to be an offering made by fire, f>f a sweet savour upto the Lord:
3 And 'the remnant of the meat-oflering-jAo/^ be Aaron's and hia sons': *itisn thins most holy of the ofTerin^s of the Lord made by nre.
above fbrnM^ wai the earHest oblatioo ofiered to the Supceme Being; aodprahMj wu in use fr^/arsiin aotered into the world, and eonae[}ueDlly before bloody aaer^ef, fKpiaeular vietinu, had been ordained. The mmthah of green eara of corn, dried by the fire, Sic. wn properly the gratitude-off'enng for ^good Md-time, and the prospect of a plentiiuJ haroeet. lliiB (^peors to have been tlie offering brought by Cain, Oen. iv. 3.— See the note there. TixJUmr whether of wheat, rice, barley, rye, or any other gtaiD aaed for alimeni, waa in all likelihood equally piMwrt for in Numb. v. 16. we find ikitjiour of boriw, or barUjfmtal, is eslM mMkaft. It ia plaia that in the {QBlitution of the mindmh hers, no amim^ wu inehided, thou^ in other piaees, it seons to molode both kindit but, in general, the mindiah waa not a bloody offering, ■ nor used by wiqr of otoiumeat or exjnation, out
•uggeet: but, alaa fao &r lost is nan, that evoi tlkawt/^^ nw to Ood foe the fruita of the earth, nniat be tau^t hv a divine revelation; for in the heart of man, even the teeaa of graiUude are not found, till sown there by the band of oUvine Grace.
Offerings of different kinds of grain, Jtour, bread, JruUt, oc. are the most ancient among the heathen nations; and even the people of God have had them from the beginning of the world. See this subject largely discussed on Elxod. xzii. 29. where several examples are given. — Ovid intimates, that these gratitude-offerings originated with agriculture. "Ia the moM ancient time^ men lived by rapine, hunting, dbc for the rword was considered to be mora honourable than the plough; bat when they sowed their fields^ they dedicated the first fi^iits of their luwest to Cerea, to whom the aneienta attributed the art of agriculture, and to Whom bumt-offeringa of com were nuue, according to immemorial uasgea^" The paaaoge to which I refer, and of whidi I have given the nbatance, ia the following:
ofieruuT bi*jin m th« •rai, if sftoK U mamirmed cakes of fine flour nttirled wi^ d^or a» leavMied wafers 'anointed wMi oO.
5 1 And if thy oblation 6« a ncat-ofieriw baken ^ in a pan, it shall be ^ fiae flow unlea? ened. mingled with oil.
7 IT And if thy oblation a meat-efierua baken m the firymg-pan, it shall be made of fln* flour wfth oil.
Pliny obaerves, that "iVtmo taught the Romans to oflbfruita to the gods and to make supplications before them, briDcing salt oakes and parched com; as nam in tliis Mate waa deemed moat whokaome." Numamrtlti^deoo nvan ecUro, et NOU kaisa m^^tteare ntque (nt anetor est Hemina) Jbt torrere, iiuoniam toetum cibo oaiuhriuM eetet. Hist. Nat. lib. xviii. e. S. And it ta worthy of remark, that the ancient Roroaua considered ** no grain as pure or proper for divine service that had not been previoHily parwed." Jd uno modo conMatttim, ttaaunda non eeee purum ad rem dtvinam niei toetum. Ibid.
Ood, says OUaut^ requires nodiing here whieb waa OM In common uss for nouridmienti but he commands Aat these diinga dvouM to offered wul such srtielfls as might give them the most exquisite relhA, soeh as eaU, oU, and wine, and that die flour ahoold be of the finest and purest kind. "Hw ancients, according to Suidas, seem to have made much use of nieal formed into a paste with milk, and sometimes with water t see Suidas in M<a. "The priests kept in the temples a certain mixture <^ flour mingled with oiiand wine, which diey called Tyoia Hjfgitia, orAeo/A, and which diey used as a kind of smulsl or charm against sickness; after they had finished dieir sacrifices, they generally threw some Jlour upon the fire, mfaigted with oil and mne, which they called Nxv^urit, AuienuUa, and which, aooordins to Theophrascus, waa the ordinary «erifioe of the poor.^— CWnuif.
VerseZ AAotuj^f^AsjInir] llita waa fiir a hwmhk rial, to put God in mind offiseovsnntwMidteirfcthera, 3S0 and to reosll to Aeir ssind his grscioua ccmduct towwd them and their ancestors. Mr. Ainnoorik propeflv rsmarks, "that there was neldier oU nor inanm oftbtd with the ein and ^eo/Mtsv offerings f because tbn were no offerings of memorial, but such as brot^^ ituquittean remeiDoranoe, which waa not gracious nor sweet-sndliiw befwe the Lord." Numb. v. H. LsviL v. II,
In this ease only a h&odful waa borati the real was rs> served for dis niest's uas, but off the fiviUiiiumm wsa burnt, because frmu it ihs]KieatocMiUdntv«iiaadTMiM VeeBe4. BoiminAssMnl •nmlamtm',bmf9mr^ loepht, divide, says Mn Parkhurst and benos the sssH, because of its burning, dissolving and melting beat.
Vesse 6. Baken *a a ponl nana madtabaih, n^iyosad to be ajCof iron plate placed over the fire t such as is e^- ed a griddle ia some countries.
Verse?. TJu Jiylng pan} nsm^ SMret&esAcA, siq^ poaed to be the lame wim thai called by the Anto a As^Mi^ a ahallow earthen veaael like a yVyfa»aa, nasdnafaaljby fry in, but fbr other purposes. On ine drinreat inslra* men^ as well as the manner of AojKng in the Mst, Hr> Harmer in hia obaervationa on select yassagts of Set^ ture, has collected the foUowiog curious inf^roatiaB.
"Dr. Shaw informs raudtat m tfas cities and villain of BSrfaary there are puAfie ovent, but that among the Bedouine, <who Uve m tents) and the Kab^^eo, {who live in miserable hovels in the mouBMiniO their bra^ msrfe into thin cakes^ is baked either hnmeihately upon Thi ssaln, or else in a ta-jen, which he tells us ia a si>snc<t ssrAca vessel Uke a Jrying-pan: and then cites the Stptmagint to show, that the suppoaed pan, mentioned Lev. li. h. was the same thing asa ts-Jen. The ta-jen, aeeording to Dr. Ruesel, is ^aetly die same am&ng die Bedouins, as i^yurtt, a wud of die same sound as well as mesniafc was among the Chveka. So the SqiNnagint, Lev. ill. If thy oblation be a meai-t^ering baken in u jMn, {am* TuvBH*) it ahsU be i{f Jbu JUmr tnUeavmod, WMigkd ■mth oii.
"lliia account given by the Doctor is eariona; bat as it does not gi^ us all the eastern waysttf bakinr,-sO neilfaer does it fimtish us, I am afraid, with a oMnfwHe coausesA on dtat varied of methods of preraringi the meat-oflsring* which fsmeBoooed by Hoses in Lev. li. So longageaa Queen EUxabeth** time, RameoW', observed, that travel* lers frequently baked bread in the oeaerts of Arabia, On die ground, heated fpr that purpose, by fire, oovenSg their cakes of bread with osAss aivl eools, and turning Aon several tiroe^ until they were baked enough; but thai soma of ths AndNsna had in Axst tents stsnes or efl|y«r-pto<ii^ made oopurpoae br bdEing. Dr. Poeoek^ very laisff made a Iflre observsUoi^ peaking of IrsaAssrttsiaadiv the baking dieir bread.
"Sir Jdftn Oiardin, mentioning the sevwal way* of baJcing their bread in the east, describes these iron plater, as small and eonvsr. These plates are. most eemmonly used, he tells ui^ in Psrais, and smong dbe wandering people that dwell in tents, as being die easiest way of bakm^ and done wiOi the least expense^ the bread bang *s duns ss a siHn.and seoa prepared. Jaottsr way, (lbrhemB»- tiollsfour)iabybahii^onth»ftMrtt. Hm bnad ia sfesat an inch Uiick t they make no other all along the Rselt sea. from the Palm Unoda to the Caspian ses. in Chnblsa ana in Mesopotamia, except ia Unma Hus^ he suppose^ ia owing to their being wooig eoun tries, these peopla make a fire in the middle of a room, when the bread in ready for bakingi they sweep a oomeror ^bean^ ts^ the bread there, cover it with hot atkee a*d ember^t in a quarter of an hour they turn it; this bread is very geoA. The Aird way, is that wfai(^ is oommoM smoog osl Thm laefww, ana that which ta ooramon.thmwh aU A«a ia thus: they make an oven in lbs ground mr or ftss mar deep, and three in diameter, WeH plastered wMl When it is hot, they place the bread (whidi is < long, snd not ihic^ than a finger) ngmisl dm it is baked in n memsM.
8 And tboa shalt bring' the meat-ofiering that 9 And the priest ahall take from the meat- Is made of these things unto the Lord: andVhen offering 'a memorial thereof, and shall burn^t it is presented untoUie priest, he shall bring it upon the altar: itiann offerine made by fire, onto the aXtar. ™ & sweet savour unto the Lobd.
" lyArvieiul mentions another wa^, uaed bf (be Arab* about mount Camel, who sometimes buce in an oven, and at other times on the hearth | but have a third method, which is, to nialce a fire in a great tUme pitdier. and when it is bested, ther mix meal and water, as we do to make ptuU 10 clue iiiingi together, which the; apply with the AoUnr oT iieir haras to the outside of the pitcher, and this •stmns soft pasta, ^usadiag ilsdf upon it, is baked in an iMHUnL The beat of the pitcher having dried up all the moisture, the bread comes off as thin as our w^ant and the operation is so speedily perfonnedf dwt in a wj little tioM a sufficient quontitr is made.
"JiSdimmtidM^ and the Septuagivt, diSer in their explanation of Lev. ii. 5. for that ^ypoan raUn supposes Uus verse speaks of a flat plate, and mese more ancient interpreters, tit a to-Jen. Bat tbey both seem toagree, that ttirae were two of the methods of prepariiur the mest-offiving: for Haimonides supposes the aevenm verse speaks of a /rying-fan or ta-im; whereas the S^iiogitU, on the eontrary, thought toe word Ihert meant a ftcar^ which term takes in an iron, or copper plate, thiMi|^ it extends fhrther.
"The meat-qffiringt of ibe fourth verse answer, as well to the Arab bread, baked 1^ meaits of ibeir stone fUdun, which are used by them for the baking of t«(^«/ as their cakes of bread, mentioned by l/Arneux, who, describing the way of baking among the modem Arabs, after mentioning some of their methods, says, they bake their beat sort of bread, either by heating an oven, or a Urge pitcher, half ftdl of certain little smooth, shining flints, upon which they lay the dough, spread out in form of a Uiin brood cake. The mention of va/en seems to fix the meaning of Moses to these oven-pitcher*: though perfaafM it may be thou^t an objection, that this meat-offering ia said to have been naked in an oven; but it will be sumdent to obasrvft that the Hebrew words only signify a meat-oflering of^ the oran:' and oonseifuently may w understood as well of wq/ers baked on the auUide of these oven-pitchers, as of cues of bread baked in them. And {f tkou bring an Matiojt, a baked thing, Ihe otm^ it *haU be an unleaventd cake ^ Jtne Jlmir, mingled reiih oil, or unUavened wafers anmnted vnth oil. Whoever dien attends xo these accounts of the stone pitcher, the ta-
Sand the copper-jilate or iron hearth, will enter into second of Lsvitieua, I believe, much more perfectly than any eommeotator has done, and will find in these aeeounts what answers perfectly well to the description Jfoses gi'/es as of the dinerent ways of jHeparing the meatoferings. A indeed, according to Dr. Shaw,
serves for * fiymg-poTi, as well as for a baking vessel; for, he say% me bagreah of the people of Borbary differs not much from our pancakes, only that instead of rubbing the ta-jen, or l>an, in which they fry them, with butter, they rub it with soap to make tliem like a honeycomb.
"Moses possibly intended, a meat-offering of that kind mi^t be presented to the Lord { and our translators seem to prefer that sappontion, sinc^ though (be margin mentiosis the (^nnion of Uoimonides, the reading of this text in the sixth verse, oppose* a pan for baking, to a pan for firyinr in the seventeenth verse. The thoii^t, however, of Biiimonides, seems to be most iust, as Moses appears to be speaking of different kinds of bread only, not of other &rinac«ous preparations.
"These oven-pitdwre, mentioned by D^Arvimtx, and used by the modem Arabs for baking cakes of bread in Ibem, and wafers on dteir ouisidea, ore not the only poriabls ovens of the east; St Jerom, in bis commentoiy on Lam. V. 10. describes an eastern oven as a round vessel of 'brasa blaekened on the ouisidv by the surrounding fire, wfaiMi beats it within. Such an oven I have seen used in Eaghuid. Which of these the Mishnah refers to, whan it speaks of the women lending their ovens to one anothar, as wdl as their mills and their sieves, I do not know: but the fimgoing observations may serve to remove a surprise, that diis etrcurosttuice may othorn-iae occasion in the reader tit Ihe Mishnah, Every body almost knows, that little portable haadmills are extremely common in toe Levant: moveable ovens.are not so well knowfi. Whetlier ovens ct the kind which St Jerom mentions, be as oneient ^ the dm of Moats, does not a|ipear, unhss the t»^ be ossd after this mannAT; but the pitoher-ovsna of ths Arabs •rs, without doubt, of that remots antiquity.
d Eu4aa la
"Travellers agree that the eastern bread is made in small, thin, moist cake^ must be eaten new, and is good for nodiing, when kept longer than a day. Ihls, bowevar. admits of exceptions. Dr. Russel of ute, and Rauwoln formerly, assure us, that they have several sorts of bread and cakes. Some, Rauwolff tells us, done with yolk of c^s, some mixed with several sorts of seed, as of seiomum, Romish coriander, and wild garden eoffron, whidi are also' strewed upon it| and he elsewhere supposes, that the^ prepare biscuits for travelling. Russel, who mentions this strewing of seeds on their cakes, s^vflkey hava a variety of nuke and biacuits. To these authors let ms add Pitts, who tells us, the biscuits they oacry with thras from Egypt, will last them to Mecca and back again.
" The Scriptures suppose their loaves of bread wers very small, thru of them being tMoisite for the entertainment of a singis person, Luke xi. 6. That thn wera generally eaten new, and baked as they wanted them, ofl appears from the case of Abraham. That sometimes, however, tbey were made so as to keep several days; so the thmitiread was fit food, after lying before the' Lord a week. And that bread for travellen was wont u be mods to keep some timc^ as appears from the pretences ot tha Gibeonites, Josh. ix. 12. and the preparations made for Jacob's journey into E^ypt, Oen. zlv. 23. Tha bread or ruaka tor travelling is oRen mode In the form of larga rings; and is moistened or soaked in water before it is used. In like maooer too, they seem to have bad there a variMy of eataUos of this kind, as the Aleppines now have, u particidar, some made like those on which seeds ore strewed, as we may collect from that part the presents of Jeroboam's wife to the prophet Ahijah, which our trans* lators have rendered cracknels, 1 Kings xiv. 3. Buxtotf indeed supposes the original word D'<ip: nakhideem, signifies biscuits, called by this name, either because they were formed into littlebuttons like some of our gingeriveao, or because they were pricked full of holes after oporticulor manner. The last of these two conjecture^ I imaginflk was embraced by our translators of this pasaage: for cracknels, if they are all over Frigland of llie same formi are foil of holes, being formed into a kind of flourish or lattice work. I have seen some of the unleavened breod of the English Jews, mode in like manner in a net form. Nevertheless, I should think it more natural to uiidersland the word of biscuits spotted with seeds; for it is used elsewhere to signify works of gold spotted with studs of silveri ' and as it sliould seem brnid spotted with mould, Josh. ix. 6 — 12. how much mora natural ts it then to undentand the word of cakes spotted viih sted*^ which ore so common in the east? Is not rvasV Ubiboth in particular, tha word that in general means rich cake»7 A sort of wbieh Tamar used to prepare that was not common, and fiimished Amnon with a pretence for desiring her being sent to his house, that she might make some of that kind for him in the time of his indisposition, his foncy running upon them: see 2 Sam. xiii. 1 — B. Parkhunt supposes the original word to signify panaUees, and translates the root aa? labab to move, or toss up and down t 'And she took the dough v^m vatulosh, and kneaded, 33*771^ taiUabab, and tossed it in bis sight, Svani Tatibasket, and dressed tlie cokes. In this passage, says Mr. ParkhuraT. it is to be observed, that aaS is disUnguished from to knead, and from 'jva to dress, which agrees with the interpretatton here given.'
" irha account which Mr. Jackson gives of sa Arab baking appsrams^ and the manner of kneading, and lossing their cakes, wUl at once, if 1 oiistaks not, fix (he meaning of this passage, ami cast much light upon Lev. xi. 36. 'I was much amused by observing the dexterity of Uie Arab woman in baking their bread, "niey hove a small place built with clay, between two and three feet high, having a hole in the bottom for the convenience of drawing out the ashes, somewhat similar to that at a lime-kiln. The oven (which I think is the most prc^wr name fm this ploocl is tisuolly ^xMit fifteen inches wide at top. osd gradually grows wider to the bottom. It is heiUaa with wood, and when sufficiently hot, and perfectly clear from smoke, having nothing but clear embers at bottom, which continue to reflect great heat, tbey prepare the dough in lorS* bowl, and nuuki ths cakes to the desired A%» on a baanfor stone placed near the avea. After thw have kneaded the oake to a proper consislantfe^ they pat it a little, then toss it about with great daxtsritf io «fs
10 And • Uiat wkieh is left of the meat-oflferiog shall be Aaron's and his roiu>: if u a thing most hoi/ of the ofiierinsa of the Lord made by
11 No mcat-oflering, which ye Bhall brnig unto thn Lord, shall be made with ' leaven: for ye shall burn no leaven, nor any honey, in any offering of the Lord made by fire.
12 T « Afl for the oblation of the first-fruits, ye shall ofler them unto the Loso: but they •hall not '■be bui-ot on the altar for a sweet savour. _.
13 t And every oblation of thy meat-offenng i shalt thou seeison with salt: neither ebalt thou suSer k the salt of the covenant o( thy God to be lacking from thy meatrofiering: iwith all thine (Seringa thou shalt offer salt.
14 Tl And if thou offer a meat-ofierineof thy iratpd^oka onto the Lobd, thou shalt lor the meat-offering of iby firstrflrmts, green ears
15 And * thou shalt ^ot oil upon it, ani lav frankincense thereon: it i> a meat-oflenng.
16 And the priest shall burn ' the memoriaE of it, vart of the beaten corn thereof, and part of the ou thereof, with aft the frankincense thereof: it M an offering made by fire unto the Lobo.