When, Aristohulus had lain five years prisoner at Rome, he with his son escaped into Judea, and endeavoured to raise fresh trouble; but Gahinius soon took them acrain; and being remanded to Rome, the father was kept close confined, but the children were released.
It was about this time, B. C. 48, that the civil war between Pom-pey and Ccesar broke out; and when Aristohulus was on the point of setting out, by Casar's interest, to take the command of an army in order to secure Judea from Pompey'' s attempts, he was poisoned by some of Pompey' s party. '816
■^Tien Caesar was returned from the Alexandrian war, he was much solicited to depose Hyrcanus in favour of Antigonus, the surviving son of Aristohulus; but Citsar not only confirmed Hyrcanus in the high priesthood and principality of Judea, and to his family in a perpetual succession, but he abolished the form of government lately set up by Gahinius, restored it to its ancient form, and appointed Antipater procurator of Judea under him.
Antipater, who was a man of great penetration, made his son Phasael governor of the country about Jerusalem, and his son Herod governor of Galilee.
Soon after this appointment, Herod, who was of a very boisterous temper, having seized upon one He:ekiah, a ringleader of a gang of thieves, and some of his men that infested his territories, he put them to death. This was presently looked upon as a breach of duty to the sanhedrin, before whom he was summoned to appear. But lest the sentence of that court should pass upon him, he fled to Sextus Ccesar, the Roman prefect of Syria at Damascus; and, with a large sum of money, obtained of him the govenmient of Ccclcsyriu. He afterwards raised an army, marched into Judea, and would have revenged the indignity which he said the sanhedrin and high priest had cast upon him, had not his father and brother prevailed with him to retire for the present.
AVhile Julius Ccesar lived, the Jews enjoyed great privileges; but his untimely death, B. C. 44, by the villanous and ungrateful hand of Brutus, Cassius, &c., in the senate house, as he was preparing for an expedition against the Parthians to revenge his country's wrong, delivered them up as a prey to every hungry general of Rome. Cas.?ius immediately seized upon Syria, and exacted above seven hundred talents of silver from the Jeu:s; and the envy and villany of Malicus, who was a natural Jew, and the next in office under Antipater, an Idumcan, rent the state into horrid factions. Malicus bribed the high priest's butler to poison his friend Antipater, to make way for himself to be the next in person to Hyrcanus. Herod, making sure of Cassius, by obtaining his leave and assistance to revenge his father's death, took the first opportunity to have him murdered by the Roman garrison at Tyre.
The friends of Malicus, having engaged the high priest and Felix the Roman general at Jerusalem on then* side, resolved to revenge his death on the sons of Antipater. All Jerusalem was in an uproar; Herod was sick at Damascus; so that the whole power and fury of the assailants fell upon Phasael, who defended Mmself very strenuously, and drove the tumultuous party out of the city. As soon as Herod was able, the two brothers presently quelled the faction; and had not Hyrcanus made his peace by giving Herod his granddaughter Mariamne in marriage, they certainly would have shown theur resentment of the priest's behaviour with more severity.
Again, this faction was not so totally extinguished but that several principal persons of the Jewish nation, upon the defeat of Bnitus and Cassius, accused Phasael and Herod to the conqueror, Mark Anthony, of usurping the government from Hyrcanus. But the brothers had so much interest with the conqueror that he rejected the complaints of the deputies, made them both tetrarchs, and committed all the affairs of Judea to their administration; and to oblige the Jews to obey his decision in this affair, he retained fifteen of the deputies as hostages for the people's fidelity, and would have put them to death had not Herod begged their lives.
The Jews, however, when Anthony arrived at Tyre, sent one thousarul deputies with the like accusations, which he, looking upon as a daring insult, ordered his soldiers to fall upon them, so that some were killed and many wounded. But upon Herod's going to Jerusalem the citizens revenged this affront in the same manner upon his retinue; the news whereof so enraged Anthony, that he ordered the fifteen hostages to be immediately put to death, and threatened severe revenge against the whole faction. But after that Mark Anthony was returned to Rome, the Parthians, at the soUcitation of Antigonus, the son of Aristohulus, who had promised them a reward of a thousand talents and eight hundred of the most beautiful women in the countrj', to set him on the throne of Judea, entered that country, and being joined by the factious and discontented Jews, (B. C. 37,) took Jerusalem without resistance, took Phasael and Hyrcanus, and put them in chains; but Heroi escaped under the cover of night and deposited his mother, sister, wife, and his wife's mother, with several other relations and friends, in the impregnable fortress Afassada, near the lake Asphalttlcs, under the care of his lirother Jvsejih, who was obliged to go to Rome to seek protection and relief.
In the mean time Anligonus remained in possession of all the countrt', and was declared king of Jiidra. The Parthian.t delivered Hyrcanus and Phasad to Aiiliuomis; upon which Phasacl, being so closely handcuffed and ironed that he foresaw his ignominious death approaching, dashed his own brains out against the wall of the prison. Anlismms cut off the ears of Hi/rcanus, to incapacitate him from the high priesthood, and returned him again to the Parlkians, who left him at Seleucia. in their return to the East.
Herod on this occasion served himself so well on the friendship which had been between his father and himself with the Roman general, Mark Anthony, and the promise of a round sum of money, that he in seven days' tune obtained a senatorial decree, constituting him king of Judea., and declaring Anligonus an enemy to tlie Roman state. He immediately left Rome, landed at Ptohmms, raised forces, and being aided with Roman au.xiliarics, by order of the senate, he reduced the greater part of the country, took Joppa, relieved Massada, stormed the castle of Ressa, and must have taken Jerusalem also, had not the Roman commanders who were directed to assist him been bribed by Anligonus, and treacherously obstructed his success. But when Herod perceived their collusion,_ he. for the present, satisfied himself with the reduction of Galilee; and hearing of Anthony's besieging Samosata on the Euphrates, went in person to him to represent the ill treatment he had met with from the generals, Ventidius and Silo, whom he had commanded to serve him.
Upon his departure, Herod left the command of his forces to his brother Joseph, with charge to remain upon the defensive. But Joseph, contrary to orders, attempting to reduce Jcrieho, was slain, and most of his men were cut to pieces. And thus Herod again lost Galilee and Idumea.
Mark ArUhony granted all he requested; and though at first the army which Anthony had spared htm was roughly handled, and he himself wounded as he approached Jerusalem to revenge his brother's death, he aftenvards slew Pappus, Antigonus's general, and entirely defeated his army; and in the ne.-5t campaign, after a siege of several months, Herod, assisted by Soctus, the Roman general, took it by stonn. The soldiers expecting the spoils of the city as their due, and being e.^tasperated by the long resistance' of the citizens, spared neither men, women, nor children, and would certainly have utterly destroyed every thing and person with rapine and devastation, death and slaughter, had not Herod redeemed them with a large sum of money.
Anligonus surrendered himself to Socius, who carried him in chains to Anthony; and he for a good sum of money was bribed to put him to death, that in him the Asmonaan family, which had lasted one hundred and twenty-nine years, might be e.xtinct.
By this event Herod found himself once more in full power, and at liberty to revenge himself upon his enemies. He began his reign with the execution of all the members of the great Sanhedrin except Pollio and Samcas, who are also called Hillel and Shammai. Then he raised one Ananel, born of the pontifical family at Babylon, to the place of high priest; hut Mark Anlhony, at the intercession of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, who was solicited thereto by Alexandra, Mariamne's mother, and the entreaties of his own beloved Mariamne in behalf of her young brother, prevailed with him to annul this nomination, and to prefer Arislohulus to the pontificate. But as Hyreanus was yet alive, and the Jews, in the place of his exile, paid him all the honours and reverence due to their king and high priest, Herod, under a jiretence of gratitude and friendship to that author of all his fortunes, prevailed with the old prince to desire it, and with Phraortes, king of Parlhia, to permit his return to Jerusalem, with an intention to cut him off at a proper opportunity; which he soon after did on a pretence of his holding treasonable correspondence with Malchus, king of Arabia. But in the mean time Alexandra, valuing herself upon the interest she had with Cleopatra, laid a sclicme to obtain the regal dignity for her son Arislohulus, by the same means that she had got him the pontificate. But this intrigue ended in the death'of Aristohulus, and her own close confinement at first, and afterwards in her own and her daughter Mariamne's death; thouah thi4 tragic scene was at several times acted under disguise. Artstolmlns was drowned at Jericho, as it were accidentally, B. C 29, in a fit of jealousy; Mariamne was adjudged to die, and Alexandra was ordered for execution, B. C. 28, on a supposition that she wished his death; which unjust sentence pursued his very innocent children Alexander and Arislohulus, for expressing their dislike of their father's cruelty to their mother Mariamne. But it is very probable that he himself had fallen a sacrifice-to Oclavius after the battle, and llie total loss of Mark Anthony at Aelium, (fought B. C. 31,) had he not h.istencd to the conqueror at Rhodes, and in an artful speech appeased him, and with a promise to support his faction in those parts, obtained from him a confirmation of hi> royal dignity.
The cruelties, however, which he exercised to his own flesh and blood filled his mind with agonies of remorse, which brouglit him into a languishing condition; and what helped to increase his disorder was the conspiracy of Anlipatcr, lus eldest son by Doris, born to him whilst he was a private man But Herod having discovered the plot, accused him thereof before Quintilius Varus, the Roman governor of Syria, and put him to death also; which occasioned that remarkable exclamation of the Emperor Oelavius, that " it was better to be Herod's hog than his son."
The great pleasure that Herod took (B. C. 25) in obliging his protector Oetartanus, and the dread he had of being dethroned for his cruelties, promplcd him to compliment hinrwitli the names of two new cities, the one to be built on the spot where Samaria stood before Hyreanus destroyed it, (B. C- 22,) which he called Sebasic, the Greek word for Augustus; the other was Ccesarca, once called the Tower of Slralon, on the sea-coast of Phmnicia. After this he built a theatre and amphitheatre in the verj- city of Jerusalem, to celebrate games and exhibit shows in honour of Augustus; set up an image of an eagle, the Roman ensign, over one of the gates of the temple; and at last carried his flattery so far as idolatrously to build a temple of wliite marble in memory of the favours he had received from Octavianus Augustus.
These advances to idolatry were the foundation of a conspiracy of ten men, who bound themselves with an oath to assassinate him in the very theatre. But being infonned thereof in time, Herod seized the conspirators, and put them to death with the most exquisite torments; and to ingratiate himself with the Jews, he formed a design to rebuild the temple, (B. C. 17,) which now, after it had stood five hundred years, and sufl'cred much from its enemies, was fallen much into decay. He was two years in providing materials; and it was so far advanced that Divine service was performed in ic nine years and a half more, though a great number of labourers and artificers were continued to finish the outworks till several years after our Saviour's ascension; for when Gessias Florus was appointed governor of Judea, he discharged eighteen thousand workmen from the temjile at one time. And here it should be observed that these, for want of employment, began those mutinies and seditions which at last drew on the destruction both of the temple and Jerusalem, in A. D. 70.
Thus I have finished that brief connection of the afTairs of the Jews from the death of Nehemiah and conclusion of the Old Testament, to the coming of Christ, where the New Testament begins, wliich from the creation of the world, according to the most exact computation, is the year 4000.
The general state of the heathen world was in profound peace under the Roman emperor, Augustus, to whom all the known parts of the earth were in subjection when Christ was bom. This glorious event took place in the year of the Julian Period 4709, and the fifth before the vulgar era of C'lirisi commonly noted A. D., Anno Domini, or the year of our Lord. See the learned Dr. Pridcaux's coimccted Ilistor)- ol the Old and New Testaments.
I need not add here the years from the birth of Christ i<i the end of the New Testament History, as these are regnlarlv lirought down in a Table of Remarkalile Eras, imniediatelv succeeding the Acts of the Apostles, and terminating al A. D. 100.
For the desolation that took place when the temple WU taken and destroyed, see the notes on Matt. Jtiiv. 31.
The general history of the Jews, especially from the destruction of their temple, A. D. 70, to the end of the sixlecnth centmy, has been WTitten by Mr. Basnage, entitled, " Histoire des Jiufs, depuis Jesus Christ, jusqu a present; pour servir de continuation a I'Histoire de Joseph;" the best edition of which was printed at the Hague, 1716, 12mo., in fifteen vols. The first edition was translated into English by T. Taylor, A. M., Lond. 1708, fol.; but the author has greatly enlarged and corrected his work in the Hague edition above mentioned. The learning and research manifested in this work are amazing; and on the subject nothing better, nothing more accurate and satisfactorj', can be well expected. ' Tliis work I heartily recommend to all my readers.
For the state of the Jews in different nations of the earth, the Itinerar>' of Rabbi Benjamin, a native of Tudela, in the kingdom of Navarre, has been referred to; first translated from Hebrew into Latin by B. A. Monlanus, and printed at Antwerp in 1575, and much better by Constanttne L'Empercur, and printed at Leyden, 12mo.i with the Hebrew lext and notes, 1633. This work has gone through many editions among the Jews, in Hebrew and in German. It has also been translated into French by Baratier, with many learned notes, Amsterdam, 1734.
But all the preceding translations have been totally echpsed by that of the Rev. B. Gerrans, lecturer of St. Catherine Coleman, and second master of Queen Elizabeth's free grammar school, St. Olave, Southwark, with a Dissertation and Notes, 12mo., Lond. 1784. If we can believe Rab. Benjamin, (who it appears flourished in A. D. 1160,) lie travelled over the whole world, and found the Jews in general in a most flourishing state, and living under their own laws in many places. But the work is a wretched imposition, too hastily credited by some learned men; written with a view of keep ing up the credit of the Jewish people, and with the tacit design to show that the Messiah is not yet come, and that the sceptre has not departed from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet; but he is at such variance with himself, and with the whole geography of the globe, that, as Mr. Gerrans properly observes, no map could possibly be made of his tra vels. " Reduce," says he, " the universe to its primeval chaos; confound Asia with Africa; north with south, and heat with cold; make cities provinces, and provinces cities; people uncultivated deserts with free and independent Jews, and depopulate the most flourishing Idngdoms; make rivers run when and where you please, and call them by any names but the right one; take Arabia upon your back, and carry it to the north of Babylon; turn the north pole south, or any other way you please; make a new echptic line, and place it in the most whimsical and eccentric position which the most hobby-horsical imagination can possibly conceive or describe; and such a map will best suit such an author." What therefore this author says of his travels and discoveries is worthy of no regard; and it is a doubt with me (if this person ever existed) whether he ever travelled beyond the hmits of the kingdom of Navarre, or passed the boundaries of the city of Tudela. I mention these works, the first in the way of strong recommendation; the second, to put the reader on his guard against imposition; at the same time recommending these outcasts of Israel to his most earnest commiseration and prayers, that the God of all grace may speedily call them to eternal glory by Christ Jesus, that all Israel may be saved; and that through all their dispersions they may be soon found singing the song of Moses and the Lamb! Amen, iVmen.
I.\ my general preface prefixed to the book of Genesis, I gave a succinct account of the plan I pursued in preparing this work for the press; but as this plan became necessarily extended, and led to much farther reading, examination, and discussion, I judge it necessary, now that the work is concluded, to give my readers a general summary of the whole, that they may be in possession of my mode of proceeding, and be enabled more fully to comprehend the reasons why the work has been so long in passing through the press. [This refers only to the first edition.]
My education and habits from early youth led me to read and study the Bible, not as a text-booh to confirm the articles of a preconceived creed, but as a revelation from God to man, (of his will and purposes in reference to the origin and designation of Ills human offspring.) which it was the duty of all the inhabitants of the earth deeply to study, and earnestly to endeavour to understand, as it concerned their peace and happiness, and the perfection of their being in reference to both worlds.
Conscious that translators in general must have had a particular creed, in reference to which they would naturally consider every text, and this reference, however honestly intended, might lead them to glosses not always fairly deducible from the original words, I sat down with a heart as free from bias and sectarian feeling as possible, and carefully read over, cautiously weighed, and literally translated every word, Hebrew and Chaldee, m the Old Testament. And as I saw that it was possible, even while assisted by the best translations and best lexicographers, to mistake the import of a Hebrew term, and considering that the cognate Asiatic languages would be helps of great importance in such an inquiry, I collated every verse where I was apprehensive of any difficulty with the Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Persian, and the.Etliiopic in the Polyglot translation, as far as the sacred writings are extant in these languages; and I did this with a constant reference to the various readings collected by Houbigant, H Michaelis, Kennicott, and De Rossi, and to the best editions of the Septuagint and Vulgate, which are the earhest translations of the Hebrew text that have reached our umes.
Nor have I been satisfied with these collections of vanous readings; I have examined and collated several ancient Hebrew MSS., which preceding scholars had never seen, with many ancient MSS. of the Vulgate equally unknown to Biblical critics. This work required much time and great pains, and necessarily occasioned much delay; and no wonder, when I have often, on my plan, been obliged to employ as much lime in visiting many sources and saihng down their streams, in order to ascertain a genuine reading, or fix the sense of a disputed verse, as would have been sufficient for some of my contemporaries to pass whole sheets of their work through the press. Had I not followed this method, which to me appeared absolutely necessary, I should have completed my work, such as it would have been, in less than one half of the time.
These previous readings, collations, and translations, produced an immense number of notes and observations on all parts of the Old Testament, which, by the advice and entreaty of several learned and judicious friends, I was induced to extend in the form of a perpetual comment on every book in the Bible. This being ultimately revised and completed as far as the book of Judges, which fonncd, in my purpose, the boundary of my proceedings on the Hebrew Scriptures, I was induced to commit it to press.
Though my friends in general wished me to go forward with the Old Testament, yet, as several of them were apprehensive, from the infirm state of my health at that tune, that I might not live long enough to finish the whole, they advised me strongly to omit for the present the Old Testament, and begin with the New. This was in conformity with my own feehngs on the subject; having wished simply to add the four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles to the five books of Moses and the books of Joshua and Judges; as these two parcels of Divine revelation, carefully illustrated, would give a full view of the origin and final settlement of the Church of the Old Covenant, and the commencement and completion of that of the New. And thus I proceeded: —
After having literally translated every word of the New Testament, that last best gift of God to man; comparing the whole with all the ancient versions, and the most important of the modern; collating all with the various readings collected by Slepheyis, Courcel, Fell, Gherard of Maestricht, Bengct, Mill, Wetslcin, and Griesbach; actually examining many MSS., either cursorily or not at all examined by thcjii; illustrating the whole by quotations from ancient authors, rabbinical, Grecian, Rumiin, and Astatic; I. exceeded my previous design, and brought down the work to the end of the Apocalypse; and passed the whole through the press.
I should mention here a previous work, (without which any man must be ill quahlied to undertake the illustration of the New Testament,) viz., a careful examination of the Sepluag-int. In this the phraseology of the New Testament is contained, and from this the import of that phraseology is alone to be derived. This I read carefully over to the end of the book of Psalms, in the edition of Dr. Grabc, from the Codex AUzandrinus; collating it occasionally witli editions taken from the Vatican MS., and particularly that printed by Field, at Cambridge, 1665, 18mo., with the Para?netic preface of the learned Bishop Pearson. Without this previous work, who did ever yet properly comprehend the tiliom and phraseology of the Greek Testament! Now, all these are parts oi my labour which conmion readers cannot conceive; and which none can properly appreciate, as to the pains, difficulty, and time which must be expended, who have not themselves trodden this almost imfrequented path.
When the New Testament was thus prepared and finished at press, I was induced, though with great reluctance, to recommence the Old. I was already nearly worn down by my previous work, connected with other works and duties which I could not omit; and though I had gone through the most important parts of the sacred records, yet I could easily foresee that I had an ocean of difficulties to wade through in those parts that remained. The Historical Books alone, in their chronology, arrangement of facts, concise and often obscure phraseology, presented not a few; the books of Solomon, and those of the major and minor prophets, a multitude. Notwithstanding all these, I hope I may say that, having obtained help of God, I am come with some success to the conclusion; having aimed at nothing, throughout the whole, but the glory of God and the good of men.
But still something remains to be said concerning the modus operandi, or particular plan of proceeding. In prosecuting this work I was led to attend, in the first instance, more to words than to things, in order to find their true ideal meaning; together with those dilferent shades of acceptation to which they became subject, either in the circumstances of the speakers and those who were addressed, or in their application to matters which use, peculiarity of place and situation, and the lapse of time, had produced. It was my invariable plan to ascertain first, the literal meaning of every word and phrase; and where there was a spiritual meaning, or reference, to see how it was founded on the literal sense. He who assumes his spiritual meanings first, is never likely to interpret the words of God either to his own credit or to the profit of his readers; but in this track commentator has followed commentator, so that, in many cases, instead of a careful display of God's icords and the objects of his providence and mercy, we have tissues of strange doctrines, human creeds, and confessions of faith. As I have said in another place, I speak not against compilations of this kind; but let them be founded on the words of God, first properly understood.
As I proceeded in my work I met with other difficulties. I soon perceived an almost continual reference to the literature, arts, and sciences of the Ancient World, and of the Asiatic nations in particular; and was therefore obliged to make these my particular study, having found a thousand passages which I could neither illustrate nor explain, without some general knowledge at least of their jurisprudence, astronomy, architecture, chemistry, chirurgery, medicine, metallurgy, pneumatics, &c., with their military tactics, and the arts and trades (a.s well ornamental as necessary] whic^ arc carried on in common life.
In the course of all this labour I have also paid particular attention to those farts mentioned in the sacred writings which have been the subjects of animadversion or ridicule by freethinkers and infidels of all classes and in all times: and I hope I may say that no such passage is either designedly passed by or superficially considered; that the strongest objections are fairly produced and met; that all such parts of these Divine writings are, in consequence, exhibited in their own lustre; and that the truth of the doctrine of our salvation has had as many triumphs as it has had attacks from the rudest and most fonni<lable of its antagonists; and on all such disputed points I humbly hope that the reader will never consult these volumes in vain. And if those grand doctrines which constitute what by some is called orthodoxy; that prove that God is loving to every man; ihat from his innate, infinite, and eternal goodness, he ivills and has made provision for the salvation of every human soul; be found to be those which alone have stood the rigid test of all the above sifting and examination; it was not because these were sought for beyond all others, and the Scriptures bent in that way in order to favour them; but because these doctrines are essentially contained in, and established by, the Oracles of Gon.
I may add, that these doctrines and all those connected with them, (such as the defection and sinfulness of man; the incarnation and sacrificial death of Christ; his infinite, unoriginated, and eternal Deity; justification by faith in his blood; and the complete sanctification of the soul by the inspiration of the Holy.Spirit,) have not only been shown to be the doctri?ies of the sacred records, but have also beeit subjected to the strongest test of logical examination; and, in the notes, are supported by arguments, many of them new, applied in such a way as has not been done before in any similar or theological work.
In this arduous labour I have had no assistants; not even a single week's help from an anuuiiieiisis; no person to look for conmioiv-places, or refer to an ancient author; to find out the place and transcribe a passage of Greek, Latin, or any other language, which my meinor,- had generally recalled, or to verify a quotation; the help excepted which I received in the chronological department from my nephew. I have laboured alone for nearly twenty-five years previously to the work being sent to press; unA fifteen years have been employed in bringing it through the press to the public; and thus about forty years of my life have been consumed; and from this the reader will at once perceive that the work, well or ill executed, has not been done in a careless or precipitate manner; nor have any means within my reach been neglected to make it in every respect, as far as possible, what the titlepage promises,— A Help to a Better Unoerstanding of the Sacred Writings.
Thus, through the merciful help of God, my labour in this field terminates; a labour, which were it yet to commence, with the knowledge I now have of its difficulty, and my, in many respects, inadequate means, millions, even of the gold of Ophir, and all the honours that can come from man, could not induce me to undertake. Now that it is finished, I regret not the labour; I have had the testimony of many learned, pious, and judicious friends relative to the execution and usefulness of the work. It has been admitted into the very highest ranks of society, and has lodged in the cottages of the poor. It has been the means of doing good to Ihe simple of heart; and the wise man and the scribe, the learned and the philosopher, according to their own generous acknowledg mcnts, have not consulted its pages in vain.
For thcfc, and all his other mercies to the wTiter and reader, may God, the Fountain of all good, be eternally praised!
Of the several places of the Old Testament cited in the New, which are taken from the Hebrew or Septuagint, from both, or from neither.
In this Table, O stands for the Old Testament; H, for Hebrew; G, for the Greek version or Septuagint; and N, for neither, or doubtful.
Table of Passages of the Old Testament cited in the New.
Table of Passages of the Old Testament cited or referred to m the New.
vii.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
liv.
xviii.
xix.
The above table was printed by Mi. E. Leigh, for his Critica Sacra. I have made a few corrections and additions. — ^A. C.
Of passages collected from the Old Testament, as a testimony to the New; not indeed in the same words, but having the same meaning.
Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one. 1
John iii. 12. "\Vo to them, for they have gone in the way of Cain. Jude 12.?. 24. By faith Enoch was translated. Heb. xi. 5. •i. 12. When once the longsuifering of God waited. 1 Pet. iii. 20. 13. By faith Noah was warned. Heb. xi. 7. 22. Noah, the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness. 2 Pet. ii. 5. n. 4. For as the days that were before the flood. Matt.
lX. 6. All they that take the sword shall perish by the
Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid